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Physio Psych > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

complex network of nerve and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body

A

nervous system

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2
Q

highly specialized cell in the nervous system that is responsible for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

A

neurons

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3
Q

classes of neurons

A
  • unipolar neurons
  • bipolar neurons
  • multipolar neurons
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4
Q

neuron with one process extending from its cell body

A

unipolar neurons

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5
Q

unipolar neurons are found primarily in the _______

A

afferent division of the PNS

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6
Q

neuron type if the axon that extends from the cell body splits into two branches

A

pseudounipolar

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7
Q

neuron with two processes extending from its cell body

A

bipolar neurons

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8
Q

2 processes of bipolar neurons:

A
  • dendrite
  • axon
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9
Q

example of bipolar neurons

A

sensory neurons found in olfactory epithelium and the retina of the eye

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10
Q

neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

A

multipolar neurons

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11
Q

multipolar neurons has a ____ axon and _____ dendrites extending from the cell body

A
  • single
  • multiple
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12
Q

multipolar neuron in the cerebellum that has many branching dendrites but only one axon

A

purkinje cell

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13
Q

3 kinds of neurons:

A
  • sensory neurons
  • motor neurons
  • interneurons
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14
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

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15
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

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16
Q

(kind of neuron) neurons with a short axon or no axon at all that are located between motor and sensory pathways and are highly involved in signal integration

A

interneurons

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17
Q

(kind of neuron) transmit information away from the CNS toward some type of effector

A

motor neurons

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18
Q

(kind of neuron) transmit information from sensory receptors in the skin or the internal organs toward the CNS for processing

A

sensory neurons

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19
Q

selectively permeable or semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

A

neuron cell membrane

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20
Q

facilitates the transport of substances across a cell membrane

A

channel protein

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21
Q

transfer a signal to the inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane

A

signal proteins

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22
Q

parts of a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • nucleus
  • dendrites
  • axon hillock
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of rainver
  • buttons
  • synapses
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23
Q

gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

A

synapses

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24
Q

gaps between sections of myelin facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

A

nodes of ranvier

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25
Q

long, narrow process that projects from the cell body; responsible for generating and transmitting nerve impulses

A

axon

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26
Q

cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

A

axon hillock

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27
Q

button-like ending of the axon branches

A

buttons or axon terminal

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28
Q

metabolic center of the neuron; contains the nucleus and other important organelles

A

cell body

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29
Q

cell body is also called _____

A

soma

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30
Q

contains the nucleolus and chromosomes necessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell

A

nucleus

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31
Q

short processes that emanate from the cell body, which receives most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

A

dendrites

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32
Q

sites of aerobic energy release

A

mitochondria

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33
Q

clear internal fluid of cell

A

cytoplasm

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34
Q

system of folded membranes in the cell body

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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35
Q

portions of the ER responsible for protein synthesis

A

rough portion

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36
Q

portion of the ER responsible for fat synthesis

A

smooth portion

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37
Q

connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

A

golgi complex

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38
Q

internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized

A

ribosomes

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39
Q

internal tubules responsible for the rapid transport of molecules throughout the neuron

A

microtubules

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40
Q

membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready to release near synapses cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; located on the ER

A

synaptic vesicles

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41
Q

molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells

A

neurotransmitters

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42
Q

provide support for the neurons

A

glial cells

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43
Q

how many glia are there in every three neurons

A

2

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44
Q

kinds of glial cells

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • schwann cells
  • microglia
  • astrocytes
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45
Q

[glial cells that] have extensions that are rich in myelin, which form myelin sheaths that increase the speed of axonal conduction

A

oligodendrocytes

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46
Q

[glial cells that] build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons, and supply with nutrients

A

schwann cells

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47
Q

[glial cells that] responds to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells

A

microglia

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48
Q

[glial cells that] regulate blood flow and allow passage of chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons

A

astrocytes

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49
Q

oligodendrocytes are found in the ____ and ____

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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50
Q

smaller than other glial cells

A

microglia

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51
Q

(glial cells) found in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

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52
Q

astrocytes are the _____ glial cell and is ____ shaped

A
  • largest
  • star-shaped
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53
Q

commonly used to discover the overall shape of neurons

A

golgi stains

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54
Q

used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area

A

nissl stains

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55
Q

captures neuronal structure in exquisite detail

A

electron micrograph

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56
Q

2 neuroanatomical tracing techniques

A
  • anterograde tracing
  • retrograde tracing
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57
Q

to reveal the extremely complicated connectional relationships between neurons

A

neuroanatomical tracing

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58
Q

used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting towards the cell bodies located in a particular area

A

retrograde testing

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59
Q

used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area

A

anterograde tracing

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60
Q

directions in the vertebrate nervous system that is described in relation to the orientation of the spinal cord

A

neuroanatomical directions

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61
Q

three axes of the vertebrate nervous system

A
  • anterior-posterior
  • dorsal-ventral
  • medial-lateral
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62
Q

toward the nose end

A

anterior

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63
Q

toward the tail end

A

posterior

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64
Q

toward the surface of the back or the top of the head

A

dorsal

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65
Q

toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head

A

ventral

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66
Q

toward the midline of the body

A

medial

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67
Q

away from the midline toward the body’s lateral surfaces

A

lateral

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68
Q

closer to the origin

A

proximal

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69
Q

farther from the origin

A

distal

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70
Q

section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure

A

cross section

71
Q

major divisions of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
72
Q

division of the NS that is located within the skull and spine

A

central nervous system

73
Q

division of the NS that is located outside the skull and spine and connects the brain and spinal cord to the body

A

peripheral nervous system

74
Q

2 major divisions of the CNS

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
75
Q

3 broad functions of the CNS

A
  • take in sensory information
  • process information
  • send out motor signals
76
Q

part of the nervous system located in the skull

A

brain

77
Q

brain is responsible for ______ most sensory information and ____ body function, both consciously and unconsciously

A
  • integrating
  • coordinating
78
Q

5 major divisions of the brain

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
79
Q

forebrain includes what division of the brain

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
80
Q

midbrain includes what division of the brain

A

mesencephalon

81
Q

hindbrain includes what division of the brain

A
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
82
Q

most posterior division of the brain

A

myelencephalon

83
Q

the myelencephalon is composed largely of tracts carrying ____ between the rest of the brain and the body

A

signals

84
Q

reticular formation is sometimes referred to as _____

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

85
Q

houses many ascending and descending tracts

A

metencephalon

86
Q

metencephalon is part of the _____

A

reticular formation

87
Q

2 divisions of the metencephalon

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
88
Q

lies anterior and ventral to the medulla; it contains nuclei for several cranial nerves

A

pons

89
Q

large convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface

A

cerebellum

90
Q

other term for cerebellum

A

little brain

91
Q

part of the brainstem, located between the diencephalon and the pons

A

mesencephalon

92
Q

mesencephalon plays a crucial role in several critical functions, including:

A
  • motor control
  • sensory processing
  • arousal state regulation
93
Q

parts (or division) of the mesencephalon

A
  • tectum
  • tegmentum
94
Q

it is the “roof”

A

tectum

95
Q

it is the “floor”

A

tegmentum

96
Q

dorsal portion of the midbrain involved in certain sensory and motor functions

A

tectum

97
Q

2 pairs of bumps in mammal’s tectum

A
  • superior colliculus
  • inferior colliculus
98
Q

____ is the anterior pair with visual-motor function

A

superior colliculus

99
Q

____ is the posterior pair with auditory functions

A

inferior colliculus

100
Q

division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum

A

tegmentum

101
Q

gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct that mediates the analgesic effects of opioid drugs

A

periaqueductal gray

102
Q

produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

A

substantia nigra gray

103
Q

large structure located centrally within the tegmentum that is involved in the coordination of sensorimotor information

A

red nucleus

104
Q

relay and processing hub for sensory information and autonomic regulation

A

diencephalon

105
Q

divisions of diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
106
Q

large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem

A

thalamus

107
Q

regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

108
Q

hypothalamus is located _____

A

below the anterior thalamus

109
Q

nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex

A

sensory relay nuclei

110
Q

relay station in the visual system

A

lateral geniculate nuclei

111
Q

relay station in the auditory system

A

medial geniculate nuclei

112
Q

relay station in the somatosensory system

A

ventral posterior nuclei

113
Q

synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs throughout the body

A

pituitary gland

114
Q

point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together and then decussate

A

optic chiasm

115
Q

largest division of the human brain

A

telencephalon

116
Q

telencephalon mediates the most complex function of the brain which includes:

A
  • initiating voluntary movement
  • interpreting sensory input
  • mediating complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving
117
Q

division of the telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex

118
Q

divisions of the cerebral cortex

A
  • neocortex
  • hippocampus
119
Q

layer of deeply convoluted tissue that covers the cerebral hemisphere

A

cerebral cortex

120
Q

small unmyelinated neurons in the cerebral cortex

A

gray matter

121
Q

large myelinated axons beneath the cerebral cortex

A

white matter

122
Q

largest part of the cerebral cortex

A

neocortex

123
Q

neocortex is also known as _____

A

isocortex

124
Q

neocortex is the region of the brain responsible for:

A
  • sensation
  • action
  • cognition
  • consciousness
125
Q

located at the medial edge of the cerebral cortex as it folds back on itself in the medial temporal lobe

A

hippocampus

126
Q

hippocampus is involved in ____ and memory retrieval of two types of memory: ____ and _____

A
  • long-term memory formation
  • declarative memory
  • episodic memory
127
Q

large furrows in the convoluted cerebral cortex

A

fissures

128
Q

small furrows in the convoluted cerebral cortex

A

sulci

129
Q

ridges between fissures and sulci

A

gyri

130
Q

major fissures

A
  • central fissure
  • lateral fissure
  • longitudinal fissure
131
Q

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central fissure

132
Q

laterally-located horizontal fissure separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

A

lateral fissure

133
Q

deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain

A

longitudinal fissure

134
Q

largest cerebral commissure

A

corpus callosum

135
Q

major gyri

A
  • precentral gyrus
  • postcentral gyrus
  • superior temporal gyrus
  • cingulate gyrus
136
Q

prominent gyrus on the surface of the posterior frontal lobe of the brain that controls voluntary motor movement

A

precentral gyrus

137
Q

on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe that is responsible for proprioception

A

postcentral gyrus

138
Q

situated at the topmost aspect of the temporal lobe involved in auditory processing

A

superior temporal gyrus

139
Q

arch-shaped convolution situated just above the corpus callosum

A

cingulate gyrus

140
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
141
Q

(lobe of the brain) responsible for voluntary motor and cognitive functions

A

frontal lobe

142
Q

(lobe of the brain) responsible for integrating sensory information and proprioception

A

parietal lobe

143
Q

(lobe of the brain) interpret and remember complex auditory information and deals with long-term memory

A

temporal lobe

144
Q

(lobe of the brain) caters the primary visual cortex that functions as a visual processing region, interpreting the information that the eyes perceive

A

occipital lobe

145
Q

circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus

A

limbic system

146
Q

major structures of the limbic system

A
  • amygdala
  • fornix
  • cingulate cortex
  • septum
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebral commisures
147
Q

almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe

A

amygdala

148
Q

amygdala is involved in _____

A

emotion

149
Q

major tract of the limbic system

A

fornix

150
Q

midline nucleus located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex

A

septum

151
Q

plays a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making

A

basal ganglia

152
Q

tracts spanning the longitudinal fissure that directly connect the cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral commisures

153
Q

part of the nervous system that is located in the spine

A

spinal cord

154
Q

spinal cord is a ___, ____, tubular bundle of nervous tissue protected by the vertebrae

A
  • long
  • thin
155
Q

4 major regions: the spinal cord

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
156
Q

mixed nerves connecting the spinal cord to muscles, organs, and tissues throughout the body

A

spinal nerves

157
Q

parts of pns

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
158
Q

part of the pns that interacts with the external environment

A

somatic nervous system

159
Q

main function of the somatic nervous system

A

to control all voluntary movements

160
Q

afferent nerves carry sensory signals or impulse from the skin, sensory organs, and skeletal muscles to the CNS

A

afferent pathway

161
Q

efferent nerves carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

A

efferent pathway

162
Q

part of the PNS that regulates the body’s internal environment and involuntary responses

A

autonomic nervous system

163
Q

consists of autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord

A

sympathetic nervous system

164
Q

consists of autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord

A

parasympathetic nervous system

165
Q

intricate layers that surround and safeguard the brain

A

meninges

166
Q

outermost layer which provides a tough protective barrier against external forces

A

dura mater

167
Q

regulates the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and cushions the brain

A

arachnoid mater

168
Q

houses the cerebrospinal fluid, providing vital nourishment and waste removal

A

subarachnoid mater

169
Q

innermost layer which directly adheres to the brain, supplying it with oxygen and nutrients

A

pia mater

170
Q

four large internal chambers of the brain

A

ventricles

171
Q

fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

172
Q

a selectively permeable shield that guards the brain from harmful substances

A

blood brain barrier

173
Q

contributes to the maintenance and integrity of the blood- brain barrier

A

astrocytes

174
Q

blood brain mechanism

A
  • tight junctions formation
  • astrocytes take charge
  • meticulous substance regulation

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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