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Physio Psych > Lecture 12. Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain's Reward Circuits > Flashcards

Lecture 12. Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain's Reward Circuits Flashcards

1
Q

drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system.

A

Psychoactive drugs

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2
Q

route of administration influences the rate at which and the degree to which the drug reaches its sites of action

A

Drug administration

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3
Q

4 Drug Administration and Absorption

A
  • Oral Ingestion
  • Injection
  • Inhalation
  • Absorption through mucous membranes
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4
Q

the ___ ___ is the preferred route of administration for many drugs

A

oral route

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5
Q

two main advantages of the oral route:

A
  • easy
  • relatively safe
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6
Q

common in medical practice because its effects of are strong, fast, and predictable

A

injection

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7
Q

Types of Injection

A
  • Subcutaneously (SC)
  • Intramuscularly (IM)
  • Intravenously (IV)
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8
Q

type of injection that is into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin

A

Subcutaneously (SC)

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9
Q

into the large muscles

A

Intramuscularly (IM)

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10
Q

directly into veins at points where they just run just beneath the skin

A

Intravenously (IV)

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11
Q

Some drugs can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the rich network of capillaries in the lungs.

A

Inhalation

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12
Q

Some drugs can be administered through the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and rectum

A

absorption through mucus membranes

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13
Q

Once a drug enters the bloodstream, it is carried
to the blood vessels of the central nervous system

A

Drug Penetration of the Central
Nervous System

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14
Q

stimulate the conversion of active drugs to non-active forms

A

liver enzyme

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15
Q

a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it

A

Drug Tolerance

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16
Q

One drug can produce tolerance to other drugs
that act by the same mechanism

A

cross tolerance

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17
Q

Increasing sensitivity to a drug

A

drug sensitization

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18
Q

Two categories of changes underlie drug tolerance

A
  • Metabolic tolerance
  • Functional tolerance
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19
Q

drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug

A

Functional tolerance

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20
Q

drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its sites of action

A

Metabolic tolerance

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21
Q

sudden elimination that can trigger an adverse physiological reaction after significant amounts of a drug have been in the body for a period of time

A

withdrawal syndrome

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22
Q

Individuals who suffer withdrawal reactions when
they stop taking a drug are said to be ___ ____ on that drug

A

physically dependent

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23
Q

habitual drug users who continue to use a drug
despite its adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their repeated efforts to
stop using it

A

Drug Addicted Individuals

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24
Q

2 Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance

A
  • Contingent Drug Tolerance
  • Conditioned Drug Tolerance
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25
Q

demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced

A

Contingent Drug Tolerance

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26
Q

two groups of subjects receive the same series of drug injections and the same series of repeated tests, but the subjects in one group receive the drug before each test of the series and those in the other group receive the drug after each test of the series

A

Before-and-after design

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27
Q

demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered

A

Conditioned Drug Tolerance

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28
Q

increasingly counteract the unconditional effects of the drug and produce situationally specific tolerance

A

Conditioned compensatory responses

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29
Q

Most demonstrations of conditioned drug tolerance have employed ___ ____ as the conditional stimuli.

A

exteroceptive stimuli

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30
Q

internal, private stimuli

A

interoceptive stimuli

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31
Q

Five Commonly Used Drugs

A
  • Nicotine
  • Alcohol
  • Marijuana
  • Cocaine and Other Stimulants
  • The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine
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32
Q

major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

A

Nicotine

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33
Q

NIcotine is most commonly administered through ___

A

inhalation

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34
Q

Nicotine is classified as both a ____ and a ___

A

stimulant and depressant

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35
Q

Two common methods of nicotine inhalation

A
  • smoking
  • vaping
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36
Q

inhaling a vapor that contains
nicotine

A

vaping

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37
Q

most common method of nicotine inhalation

38
Q

a plant that contains nicotine, an addictive drug with both stimulant and depressant effects.

39
Q

Effects of Smoking a Cigarette on Nonsmokers

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • coughing
  • sweating
  • abdominal cramps
  • dizziness
  • flushing
  • diarrhea.
40
Q

Consequences of Long-Term
Tobacco Use

A
  • Smoker’s Syndrome
  • Respiratory Disorders
  • Increased Cancer Risk
  • Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Secondhand Smoke Risks
  • Buerger’s Disease
  • Gangrene Progression
  • Vulnerability of the Unborn
  • Teratogenic Effects
  • Paternal Nicotine Consumption
41
Q

Characterized by chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

A

Smoker’s Syndrome

42
Q

Chronic smokers are prone to potentially lethal lung disorders, including pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.

A

Respiratory Disorders

43
Q

In this disease, blood vessels, especially in the legs, become constricted

A

Buerger’s Disease

44
Q

death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection.

45
Q

transmission of heritable changes in gene function from one generation to the next

A

transgenerational epigenetics

46
Q

introduced the first e-cigarette in 2003

47
Q

an affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug

A

Compulsive Drug Craving

48
Q

involved in more than 3 million deaths each year across the globe, including deaths from birth defects, ill health, accidents, and violence.

49
Q

characterized by disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, disorientation, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia (high body temperature), and tachycardia.

A

delirium tremens (DTs)

50
Q

In the liver, chronic alcohol use can cause ____, a condition where the liver gets scarred.

51
Q

The offspring of mothers who consume substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy can develop ___ ___ ____

A

fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS)

52
Q

A child with FAS suffers from some or all of the following symptoms:

A
  • brain damage
  • intellectual disability
  • poor coordination
  • poor muscle tone
  • low birth weight
  • delayed growth
  • physical deformity
53
Q

name commonly given to the
dried flower buds of female Cannabis plants.

54
Q

three species of Cannabis:

A
  • Cannabis sativa
  • Cannabis indica
  • Cannabis ruderalis
55
Q

Usual Consumption Method of Marijuana

A

Smoking: Typically done by rolling the marijuana flowers into a joint (marijuana cigarette) or using a pipe.

56
Q

Alternative Consumption Method of Marijuana

57
Q

Oral Consumption Process of marijuana

A

Baking: The flowers are often baked into an oil-rich substrate—such as a chocolate brownie— to promote absorption from the gastrointestinal tract

58
Q

The psychoactive effects of marijuana are largely attributable to a constituent called _____

A

THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol).

59
Q

Common effects of marijuana includes

A
  • sense of unreality
  • emotional intensification
  • sensory distortion,
  • paranoia
  • impaired driving ability
60
Q

Health hazards of Marijuana Use

A
  • Respiratory Symptoms
  • Cardiovascular Effects
  • Brain Damage Misconception
  • Neuroprotective Effects
  • Discovery of Receptors
  • Endocannabinoids
  • Therapeutic Effects of THC
  • Transgenerational Effects
61
Q

drugs whose primary effect is to produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity.

A

Stimulants

62
Q

a popular commercial stimulant

63
Q

Cocaine is derived from

A

from the leaves of the coca shrub, mainly found in western South America.

64
Q

refined white powder form of cocaine, typically consumed by snorting or injection.

A

Cocaine hydrochloride

65
Q

Individuals addicted to cocaine often engage in __ ___or binges with high and escalating intake levels for a day or two.

A

cocaine sprees

66
Q

are psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy

A

Emphatogen

67
Q

Cocaine changes how the brain handles ___, a chemical messenger.

68
Q

How regular stimulant affects health?

A
  • Cognitive Impairments
  • Parkinson’s Disease Risk
  • Heart Pathology
  • Correlational Nature of Results
  • Transgenerational Epigenetic Effects of Cocaine
69
Q

the dried form of sap exuded by the seedpods of the opium poppy—has several psychoactive ingredients.

70
Q

Morphine, codeine, and other drugs that have similar structures or effects are commonly referred to as ___

71
Q

two classes of endogenous opioid neurotransmitters

A

endorphins and enkephalins

72
Q

refers to something that originates or is produced within the body or organism itself.

A

endogenous

73
Q

father of modern surgery

A

Dr. William Steward Halsted:

74
Q

the primary treatments for heroin addiction in many countries.

A

Methadone and buprenorphine

75
Q

Suggested addicted individuals are trapped in a cycle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms

A

Physical-Dependence Perspective

76
Q

Assumes that most addicted individuals seek drugs for positive effects, not just to avoid withdrawal.

A

Positive-Incentive Perspective

77
Q

repeated performance of a response that delivers electrical stimulation to certain sites in the animal’s brain.

A

Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS)

78
Q

Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS) is pioneered by:

A

Olds and Milner in 1954

79
Q

system of dopaminergic neurons that projects from the mesencephalon (the midbrain) into various regions of the telencephalon and plays an important role in intracranial self-stimulation.

A

Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System

80
Q

mesotelencephalic dopamine system consists of neurons with cell bodies in two midbrain nuclei namely

A
  • substantia nigra
  • ventral tegmental area (VTA)
81
Q

pathway along which axons from neurons in the substantia nigra project to the dorsal striatum.

A

Nigrostriatal Pathway

82
Q

implicated in mediating
intracranial self-stimulation

A

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway

83
Q

Nonhuman animals press a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted cannulas (thin tubes).

A

Drug self-administration paradigm

84
Q

Nonhuman animals repeatedly receive a drug in one compartment (the drug compartment) of a two-compartment box.

A

Conditioned place-preference paradigm

85
Q

involves the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, from the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway

86
Q

3 stages in the development of drug addiction

A
  • initial drug taking
  • habitual drug taking
  • drug craving and repeated relapse
87
Q

anticipated pleasure associated with an action

A

positive-incentive value (wanting)

88
Q

amount of pleasure that is actually experienced

A

hedonic value (liking)

89
Q

Pleasure (liking) is not the basis of habitual drug use and addiction; it is the anticipated pleasure of drug taking

A

incentive-sensitization theory

90
Q

3 main factors that can cause relapse in addicted individuals

A
  • stress
  • drug priming
  • exposure to drug-associated cues

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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