Lecture 13. Physiology of Psychiatric Disorder Flashcards
These are disorders of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment.
Psychiatric Disorders
The diagnosis is guided by the ________
DSM5
2 main difficulties in diagnosing particular psychiatric disorders:
- Patients suffering from the same disorder often display different symptoms
- Patients suffering from different disorders often display many of the same symptoms
5 sorts of Psychiatric Disorders:
- Schizophrenia
- Depressive disorders
- Bipolar disorder
- Anxiety disorders
- Tourette’s disorder
A disorder that means “the splitting of psychic functions.”
Schizophrenia
This is considered to be a severe psychiatric disorder; attacks 1 % of individuals of all races and cultural groups; begins in adolescence or early adulthood
Schizophrenia
What is the assumed primary symptom of schizophrenia in the 20th century?
the breakdown of integration among emotion, thought, and action
The DSM-5 prefers to use the label schizophrenia____________ to refer to schizophrenia and related disorders.
spectrum disorders
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are symptoms that seem to represent an _____ of typical function
excess
5 Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Inappropriate affect
- Disorganized speech or thought
- Odd behavior
Positive symptom of schizophrenia includes Delusions of being ________, delusions of ________, delusions of _________.
- controlled
- persecution
- grandeur
Positive symptom of schizophrenia that includes imaginary voices making critical comments or telling patients what to do.
Hallucinations
Positive symptom of schizophrenia that includes reacting with an inappropriate emotional response to positive or negative events.
Inappropriate affect
Positive symptom of schizophrenia that includes illogical thinking, peculiar associations among ideas, belief in supernatural forces.
Disorganized speech or thought
Positive symptom of schizophrenia that includes talking in rhymes, difficulty performing everyday tasks.
Odd behavior
Negative symptom of schizophrenia are symptoms that seem to represent a ___________ of typical function
reduction or loss
3 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- Affective flattening
- Avolition
- Catatonia
Negative symptom of schizophrenia that includes diminished emotional expression
Affective flattening
Negative symptom of schizophrenia that includes reduction or absence of motivation.
Avolition
Negative symptom of schizophrenia that includes remaining motionless, often in awkward positions for long periods.
Catatonia
Frequent recurrence of any two of these symptoms for __________ is currently sufficient for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Provided that one of the symptoms is _________, _________, or_________.
- 1 month
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
A drug that is meant to treat certain symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Antipsychotic Drugs
First two widely prescribed antipsychotic drugs:
Chlorpromazine and Reserpine
A drug that has a calming effect on patients with psychosis. It does not cure schizophrenia, but it often reduces the severity of symptoms enough to allow institutionalized patients to be discharged.
Chlorpromazine
A drug no longer used in the treatment of schizophrenia as it produces a dangerous
decline in blood pressure at the doses needed for successful treatment.
Reserpine
In 1960, it was reported that the striatums
(caudates plus putamens) of persons with Parkinson’s disease had been ___________
depleted of dopamine
The dopamine theory of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is caused
by _______________ and, conversely, that antipsychotic drugs
exert their effects by __________ dopamine levels.
- too much dopamine
- decreasing
Parkinson’s disease ____ dopamine; Schizophrenia ____ dopamine
- low/depleted
- high/too much
Two well-established facts supporting the dopamine theory:
- Antipsychotic drug reserpine was known to deplete the brain of dopamine and other monoamines by breaking down the synaptic vesicles in which these neurotransmitters are stored.
- Drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine, which can trigger episodes that resemble schizophrenia in healthy users, were known to increase the extracellular levels of dopamine and other monoamines in the brain.
substances that are created by the breakdown of another substance in cells
Metabolites
Both chlorpromazine and reserpine antagonize transmission at dopamine synapses, but they do it in different ways. Reserpine by ________ the brain of dopamine and chlorpromazine by ________ to dopamine receptors.
depleting
binding
They argued that chlorpromazine is the first identified ________ __________ at dopamine
synapses
receptor blocker
Rather than high dopamine levels, the main factor in schizophrenia was presumed to be high levels of _____ __ __________ ________
activity at dopamine receptors (D2)
One of the most potent antipsychotic drugs of its day. And had a relatively low affinity for dopamine receptors
Haloperidol
Current drugs of choice for the treatment of schizophrenia. Also known as second-generation antipsychotics. Drugs that are effective against schizophrenia but yet do not bind strongly to D2 receptors
ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS
the first atypical antipsychotic to be approved for clinical use
Clozapine
Drugs whose primary action is to alter perception, emotion, and cognition
hallucinogens / psychedelic drugs
The psychedelic effects of classical hallucinogens such as LSD, mimic the
________________ of schizophrenia by acting
as an agonist of the serotonin type-2a receptor.
positive symptoms
Dissociative hallucinogens (e.g., ketamine) mimic the ___________________ of schizophrenia by acting as antagonists of glutamate receptors
negative symptoms
Several _________________ play important roles in development of the disorder
physiological changes
A variety of _______________ have been implicated in the development of
schizophrenia
early experiential factors
Schizophrenia and ____________ disorders share many of the same causal factors (e.g., genetic risk factors, environmental triggers)
Autism spectrum
Recent research has identified many __________ that contribute to the emergence and persistence of schizophrenia.
epigenetic mechanisms