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Physio Psych > Lecture 8. Brain Damage and Neuro Plasticity > Flashcards

Lecture 8. Brain Damage and Neuro Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

7 causes of brain damage

A
  • tumor
  • stroke
  • traumatic brain injury
  • brain infection
  • neurotoxin
  • genetic factors
  • programmed cell death
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2
Q

mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body

A

tumor

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3
Q

tumor is also called

A

neoplasm

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4
Q

common types of brain tumors

A
  • encapsulated tumors
  • infiltrated tumors
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5
Q

Tumors that grow within their own membrane

A

encapsulated tumors

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6
Q

Tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue

A

infiltrated tumors

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7
Q

examples of encapsulated tumors

A
  • meningioma
  • acoustic neuroma
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8
Q

examples of infiltrated tumors

A
  • glioma
  • metastatic tumors
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9
Q

____ are almost always benign tumors

A

encapsulated tumors

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10
Q

______ are usually malignant tumors

A

infiltrated tumors

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11
Q

Encapsulated tumor that grow between meninges

A

meningioma

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12
Q

Encapsulated tumor that grow on cranial nerve VIII

A

acoustic neuroma

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13
Q

tumors that grow on nerves or tracts

A

neuroma

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14
Q

Brain tumors that develop from glial cells

A

glioma

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15
Q

Brain tumors that do not originate in the brain but rather grow from infiltrating cells that are carried to the brain by the bloodstream from some other part of the body

A

metastatic tumors

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16
Q

transmission of disease from one organ to another

A

metastasis

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17
Q

Tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body

A

benign tumors

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18
Q

Tumors that are difficult to remove or to completely destroy

A

malignant tumors

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19
Q

Sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorder

A

stroke

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20
Q

major types of stroke

A
  • cerebral hemorrhage
  • cerebral ischemia
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21
Q

occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it

A

cerebral hemorrhage

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22
Q

Disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain

A

cerebral ischemia

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23
Q

Pathological balloon-like dilation that forms in the wall of an artery at a point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective

A

aneurysm

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24
Q

3 main causes of cerebral ischemia

A
  • thrombosis
  • embolism
  • arteriosclerosis
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25
Q

A plug called thrombus is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation

A

thrombosis

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26
Q

A plug called embolus is carried by the blood from a larger vessel, where it was formed, to a smaller one, where it becomes lodged

A

embolism

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27
Q

The walls of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow which can eventually lead to complete blockage of the blood vessels

A

arteriosclerosis

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28
Q

treatments / interventions effective to prevent stroke

A
  • NMDA-receptor antagonists
  • administration of tissue plasminogen activator
  • endovascular therapy
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29
Q

Drug that breaks down blood clots

A

tissue plasminogen activator

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30
Q

Surgical removal of a thrombus or embolus from an artery

A

Endovascular therapy

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31
Q

Brain injury produced by blows that do not penetrate the skull

A

closed-head TBI

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32
Q

types of closed-head TBIs

A
  • contusions
  • mild TBI (mTBI)
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33
Q

Involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system, which produces internal hemorrhaging and then produces a bruise in the brain

A

contusion

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34
Q

“puddle” of blood

A

subdural hematoma

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35
Q

There is a disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head yet there is no evidence of contusion or other structural damage

A

mild TBI

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36
Q

Occur when the brain slams against the inside of the skull

A

contusion

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37
Q

the blow causes the brain to strike the inside of the skull on the other side of the head

A

contrecoup injuries

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38
Q

mild TBI is once called ______

A

concussion

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39
Q

Dementia and cerebral scarring often observed in boxing, rugby players, American football players and other individuals who have experienced repeated MTBIs

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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40
Q

Invasion of the brain by microorganism

A

brain infections

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41
Q

Resulting inflammation of brain infection

A

encephalitis

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42
Q
  • Play a far greater role in neuropsychological disorders
  • Can lie dormant for many years before producing symptoms
A

viruses

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43
Q

common types of brain infection

A
  • bacterial infection
  • viral infection
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44
Q

kinds of bacterial infection

A
  • cerebral abscess
  • meningitis
  • syphilis
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45
Q

kinds of viral infection

A
  • rabies
  • mumps and herpes
46
Q

Pockets of pus in the brain

A

cerebral abscess

47
Q

Inflammation of the meninges

A

meningitis

48
Q

Passed from infected to uninfected individuals through contact with genital sores

49
Q

Usually transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal

50
Q

Viruses that can attack the nervous system but have no special affinity for it

A

mumps and herpes

51
Q

Chemicals that can enter general circulation from the gastrointestinal tract, from the lungs, or through the skin

A

toxic chemicals

52
Q

heavy metals that can accumulate in the brain and permanently damage it, producing a toxic psychosis

A

mercury and lead

53
Q

chronic mental illness produced by a neurotoxin

A

toxic psychosis

54
Q

some neurotoxins are ____ or produced by the patient’s own body

A

endogenous

55
Q

Motor disorder developed due to toxic drugs

A

tardive dyskinesia

56
Q

Inherited factors that play major roles in virtually all neuropsychological disorder

A

genetic factors

57
Q

major cause of neuropsychological disorders of genetic origin

A
  • abnormal recessive gene
  • genetic accident
58
Q

Passed from parents to offspring

A

abnormal recessive gene

59
Q

Occurs in mother during ovulation, when an extra chromosome 21 is created in the egg

A

down syndrome

60
Q

not an either-or situation

A

cell death

61
Q

2 kinds of cell death

A
  • apoptosis
  • necrosis
62
Q
  • active cell death
  • slow
63
Q
  • passive cell death
  • quick
64
Q

some of the causes of human brain damage

A

neurological diseases

65
Q

types of neurological diseases

A
  • epilepsy
  • parkinson’s disease
  • huntington’s disease
  • multiple sclerosis
  • alzheimer’s disease
66
Q

neurological disorder characterized by spontaneously recurring seizures

67
Q

primary symptom of epilepsy

A

epileptic seizure

68
Q

peculiar psychological changes just before a seizure

A

epileptic auras

69
Q

two general categories of seizure

A
  • focal seizure
  • generalized seizure
70
Q
  • seizure that does not involve the entire brain
  • they are often not accompanied by a total loss of consciousness or equilibrium
A

focal seizure

71
Q

forms of focal seizure

A
  • simple seizure
  • complex seizure
72
Q

Involve only one sort of sensory or motor symptom, and they are rarely accompanied by a loss of consciousness

A

simple seizure

73
Q

Often begin in the temporal lobes and usually do not spread out of them

A

complex seizure

74
Q

Seizure that involves the entire brain

A

generalized seizure

75
Q

forms of generalized seizure

A
  • tonic-clonic seizure
  • absence seizure
76
Q

accompanied by hypoxia

A

tonic-clonic seizure

77
Q
  • not associated with convulsions
  • most common in children, and they frequently cease at puberty
A

absence seizure

78
Q

A movement disorder that is associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

A

parkinson’s disease

79
Q

Clumps of protein often seen in autopsies play an important role in the development and spread of pathology of Parkinson’s patients

A

alpha-synuclein

80
Q

Progressive terminal disorder of motor and intellectual function that is produced in adulthood by a dominant gene

A

huntington’s disease

81
Q

huntington’s disease is passed from generation to generation by a single mutated dominant gene, called ______

A

huntingtin

82
Q

Progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS

A

multiple sclerosis

83
Q

Most common form of dementia in the elderly

A

alzheimer’s disease

84
Q

3 stages of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • preclinical stage
  • prodromal stage
  • dementia stage
85
Q

Involve pathological changes in the brain without any behavioral or cognitive symptoms

A

preclinical stage

86
Q

Involves the combined presence of mild cognitive impairment and certain biological changes

A

prodromal stage

87
Q

substages of dementia stage

A
  • mild stage
  • moderate dementia stage
  • severe dementia
88
Q
  • memory loss of recent events
  • changes in personality
  • trouble organizing thoughts
  • getting lost or misplacing things
A

mild dementia stage

89
Q
  • patients become more confused and forgetful
  • poor judgment and deepening confusion
  • greater memory loss
  • need help with some memory loss
  • changes in personality and behavior
A

moderate dementia stage

90
Q
  • mental function continues to decline
  • there is a growing impact on movement and physical capabilities
A

severe dementia stage

91
Q

neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • neurofibrillary tangles
  • amyloid plaques
92
Q

Came from the genetic analysis of families with early onset Alzheimer’s disease

A

amyloid hypothesis

93
Q

The argument against the amyloid hypothesis because many people that don’t have dementia carry significant loads of amyloid plaques

A

high-plaque normals

94
Q

Presence of misfolded proteins that initiate a chain reaction causing other proteins to misfold

A

pathogenic spread hypothesis

95
Q

The convulsions elicited in kindled animals are similar in many aspects to those observed in some types of human epilepsy

A

kindling model of epilepsy

96
Q

Development, or genesis, of epilepsy

A

epiloptogenesis

97
Q

The progressive development and intensification of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic brain stimulations

A

kindling phenomenon

98
Q

This model displays Parkinsonian motor symptoms, cell loss in the substantia nigra, and a major reduction in brain dopamine

A

MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease

99
Q

responses to nervous system damage

A
  • degeneration
  • regeneration
  • reorganization
  • recovery
100
Q

Neural deterioration and death

A

neural degeneration

101
Q

kinds of neural degeneration

A
  • anterograde degeneration
  • retrograde degeneration
102
Q

Degeneration of the distal segment

A

anterograde degeneration

103
Q

Degeneration of the proximal segment

A

retrograde degeneration

104
Q

Degeneration that spreads from damaged neurons to neurons that are linked to them by synapses

A

transneuronal degeneration

105
Q

kinds of transneuronal degeneration

A
  • anterograde transneuronal degeneration
  • retrograde transneuronal degeneration
106
Q

When transneuronal degeneration spreads from damaged neurons to the neurons on which they synapse

A

anterograde transneuronal degeneration

107
Q

When transneuronal degeneration spreads from damaged neurons to the neurons that synapse on them

A

retrograde transneuronal degeneration

108
Q

Regrowth of damaged neurons

A

neural regeneration

109
Q

Promoter of Neural Regeneration in Mammalian PNS

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
110
Q

Promoter of Neural Regeneration in Mammalian CNS

A

schwann cells

111
Q
  • Roughly equivalent to education and intelligence
  • Thought to play a role in the improvements observed after brain damage that do not result from true recovery of brain function
A

cognitive reserve

112
Q

Condition in which an amputee continues to experience the limbs that have been amputated

A

phantom limbs

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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