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Physio Psych > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell

A

membrane potential

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2
Q

membrane potential is measured with the use of _______

A

microelectrodes

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3
Q

resting membrane potential is measured as about _____

A

-70 mV charge

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4
Q

neuron state of resting membrane potential

A

polarized

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5
Q

membrane potential of a polarized neuron

A

not 0

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6
Q

in resting neurons, there are more _____ ions outside the cell while there are more ____ ions inside the cell

A
  • Na+ ions
  • K+ ions
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7
Q

specialized pores in the neural membrane

A

ion channels

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8
Q

2 types of pressure

A
  • electrostatic pressure
  • pressure from random motion
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9
Q

transporter discovered by Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley in the 1950s

A

sodium-potassium pumps

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10
Q

disturbance of the resting membrane potential

A

postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)

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11
Q

2 effects when neurotransmitters are released

A
  • depolarize of receptive membrane
  • hyperpolarize of receptive membrane
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12
Q

decreasing the resting membrane potential

A

depolarize of receptive membrane

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13
Q

increasing the resting membrane potential

A

hyperpolarize of receptive membrane

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14
Q

this depolarization is an upward deflection on the oscilloscope

A

postsynaptic depolarization

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15
Q

other term for postsynaptic depolarization

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (ESPs)

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16
Q

postsynaptic depolarization ___ the likelihood that the neuron will fire

A

increase

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17
Q

this hyperpolarization is a downward deflection on the oscilloscope

A

postsynaptic hyperpolarization

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18
Q

postsynaptic hyperpolarization is also called

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

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19
Q

postsynaptic hyperpolarization ____ the likelihood that the neuron will fire

A

derease

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20
Q

ESPs and ISPs are all ____

A

PSPs

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21
Q

ESPs and ISPs are ______, meaning the amplitudes of PSPs are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them

(e.g., weak signals elicit small PSPs, and strong signals elicit large ones)

A

graded potential

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22
Q

important characteristics of transmission of PSPs

A
  • it is rapid
  • is is decremental
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23
Q

determines whether a neuron fires

A
  • net effect of synapsis activity
  • balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals
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24
Q

a massive but momentary—lasting for 1 millisecond—reversal of the membrane potential from about −70 to about +50 mV.

A

action potential

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25
Q

action potential are _____ responses

A

all-or-none

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26
Q

what does “all-or-none” responses mean

A

they either occur to their full extent or do not occur at all

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27
Q

summation of postsynaptic potentials

A
  • spatial summation
  • temporal summation
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28
Q

summation occurs when EPSPs and IPSPs from different locations on neurons make their way to the axon initial segment and summate there

A

spatial summation

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29
Q

occurs when EPSPs and IPSPs from a single location on a neuron make their way to the axon initial segment and summate there

A

temporal summation

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30
Q

3 possible combinations under spatial summation

A
  • 2 EPSPs summated to produce a greater EPSP
  • 2 IPSPs summated to produce a greater IPSP
  • 1 EPSP and 1 IPSP cancel each other out
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31
Q

conduction of action potentials

A
  • ionic basis
  • refractory periods
  • axonal conduction
  • the hodgkin-huxley model in perspective
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32
Q

an action potential is brought on by momentary variations in the permeability of the membrane for diffusible ions from the perspective of ions

A

ionic basis

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33
Q

(refractory period) period during which it is possible to fire the neuron again but only by applying higher-than normal levels of stimulation

A

relative refractory period

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34
Q

[refractory period wherein] there is a brief period of about 1 to 2 milliseconds after the initiation of an AP during which it is impossible to elicit a second AP; followed by the relative refractory period

A

absolute refractory period

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35
Q

responsible for two important characteristics of neural activity

A

refractory periods

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36
Q

2 important characteristics of neural activity:

A
  • responsible for the normal travel of Als along axons in one direction
  • responsible for the relationship between neural firing rate and the intensity of the stimulation
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37
Q

2 important ways of how AP conduction along an axon differs from PSP conduction

A
  • Al conduction is non-decremental
  • APs are conducted more slowly than PSPs
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38
Q

an action potential will be generated and will
travel along the axon back to the cell body, given that the electrical stimulation of sufficient intensity is applied to the terminal end of an axon

A

antidromic conduction

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39
Q

axonal conduction in the natural direction from cell body to terminal buttons

A

orthodromic conduction

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40
Q

transmission of action potentials in myelinated actions

A

saltatory conduction

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41
Q

provided a simple, effective introduction to what we now understand about the general ways in which neurons conduct signals

A

Hodgkin-Huxley model

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42
Q

synaptic transmission: from electrical signals to ______ signals

A

chemical

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43
Q

synapses of axon terminal buttons on dendrites

A

axodendritic synapses

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44
Q

small nodules on dendrite surfaces where many axodendritic synapses terminate

A

dendritic spines

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45
Q

synaptic arrangement examples:

A
  • axodendritic synapses
  • axosomatic synapses
  • dendrodendritic synapses
  • axoaxonic synapses
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46
Q

most common synaptic arrangements

A
  • axodendritic synapses
  • axosomatic synapses
47
Q

synapses at which the site of release is at some distance from the site of reception

A

nondirected synapses

48
Q

with close proximity between the site of neurotransmitter release and receptors

A

directed synapses

49
Q

mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibition

A

axoaxonic synapses

50
Q

large neurotransmitters are called ______

A

neuropeptides

51
Q

neuropeptides are ______ composed of between 3 and 36 amino acids

A

short amino acid chains

52
Q

they are short proteins

A

neuropeptides

53
Q

concept in neuron which states that many neurons can contain two neurotransmitters

A

co-existence

54
Q

process of neurotransmitter release

A

exocytosis

55
Q

proteins with specific binding sites for particular neurotransmitters

56
Q

any molecule that binds to another

57
Q

subtypes of receptors

A
  • ionotropic receptors
  • metabotropic receptors
58
Q

(receptor subtype) ligand-activated ion channels

A

ionotropic receptors

59
Q

(receptor subtype) associated with signal proteins and G proteins

A

metabotropic receptors

60
Q

metabotropic receptors with two unconventional traits

A

autoreceptors

61
Q

two unconventional traits of autoreceptors

A
  • bind to their neuron’s own neurotransmitter molecules
  • found on the presynaptic membrane rather than the postsynaptic one
62
Q

2 mechanisms preventing the clogging of synapse

A
  • reuptake by transporters
  • enzymatic degradation
63
Q

narrow spaces between adjacent cells bridged by protein channels

A

gap junctions

64
Q

protein channels

65
Q

other term for gap junctions

A

electrical synapses

66
Q

gap junctions connect the ____ of two neighboring cells

67
Q

neurotransmitters are crucial for _____ in the nervous system as they play essential roles in transmitting signals between neurons

A

intercellular communication

68
Q

classes of neurotransmitters

A
  • amino acid neurotransmitters
  • monoamine neurotransmitters
  • acetylcholine
  • unconventional neurotransmitters
  • neuropeptides
69
Q

molecular building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

70
Q

4 primary amino acid neurotransmitters

A
  • glutamate
  • aspartate
  • glycine
  • gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
71
Q

most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter

72
Q

most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter but can have excitatory effects in some synapses

73
Q

synthesized from single amino acids

A

monoamines

74
Q

monoamines have ____ effects and are found in groups of neurons primarily in the ___

A
  • diffuse effects
  • brainstem
75
Q

4 major monoamine neurotransmitters

A
  • dopamine
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • serotonin
76
Q

plays a crucial role in various brain functions

77
Q

neurons releasing epinephrine

A

adrenergic

78
Q

neurons releasing norepinephrine

A

noradrenergic

79
Q

also called 5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT

80
Q

serotonin is synthesized from what amino acid

A

tryptophan

81
Q

serotonin is classified as ____

A

indolamine

82
Q

a unique small-molecule neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

83
Q

where is acetylcholine found?

A
  • neuromuscular junctions
  • autonomic nervous system synapses
  • central nervous system synapses
84
Q

neurons releasing acetylcholine

A

cholinergic

85
Q

two classes of unconventional neurotransmitters

A
  • soluble-gas neurotransmitters
  • endocannabinoids
86
Q
  • Produced in neural cytoplasm and diffused through cell membranes
  • Regulate presynaptic neuron activity, involved in retrograde transmission
A

soluble-gas neurotransmitters

87
Q

synthesized from fatty compounds

A

endocannabinoids

88
Q

examples of endocannabinoids

A
  • anandamide
89
Q

examples of soluble-gas neurotransmitters

A
  • nitric oxide
  • carbon monoxide
90
Q

approx number of neuropeptides that were identified

91
Q

actions of neuropeptides depend on

A

amino acid sequences

92
Q

5 categories of neuropeptides

A
  • pituitary peptides
  • hypothalamic peptides
  • brain-gut peptides
  • opioid peptides
  • miscellaneous peptides
93
Q

Originally identified as pituitary hormones

A

pituitary peptides

94
Q

First identified as hypothalamic hormones

A

hypothalamic peptides

95
Q

initially discovered in the gut

A

brain-gut peptides

96
Q

structurally similar to opium components

A

opioid peptides

97
Q

A catch-all category for others.

A

miscellaneous peptides

98
Q

explores the influence of drugs on neurotransmitter systems and their impact on behavior

A

pharmacology of synaptic transmission and behavior

99
Q

key players in brain function and behavior

A

neurotransmitters

100
Q

can either facilitate or inhibit synaptic transmission

101
Q

enhance neurotransmitter effects

102
Q

inhibit neurotransmitter effects

A

antagonists

103
Q

steps of neurotransmission

A
  • Synthesis of the neurotransmitter.
  • Storage in vesicles.
  • Breakdown of leaked neurotransmitter in the cytoplasm.
  • Exocytosis of neurotransmitters.
  • Inhibitory feedback via autoreceptors.
  • Activation of postsynaptic receptors.
  • Deactivation of neurotransmitters.
104
Q

bind to postsynaptic receptors and activate them

105
Q

bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them, blocking access to the neurotransmitter

A

antagonists

106
Q

3 influential lines of research in behavioral pharmacology

A
  • discovery of Receptor Subtypes:
    WRINKLES AND DARTS
  • discovery of Endogenous Opioids: PLEASURE AND PAIN
  • discovery of Antipsychotic Drugs: TREMORS AND MENTAL ILLNESS
107
Q

found at motor neuron-muscle fiber junctions in the PNS

A

nicotinic receptors

108
Q

abundant in the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

muscarinic receptors

109
Q

Nicotinic receptors are _____, while muscarinic receptors are _____

A
  • ionotropic
  • metabotropic
110
Q

an extract used by South Americans, is a nicotinic receptor blocker, paralyzing by blocking neuromuscular junction transmission

111
Q

a neurotoxin, is a nicotinic antagonist, inhibiting acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions

112
Q

obtained from opium poppy seed pods, used for pleasurable effects throughout human history.

113
Q

a major psychoactive component of opium, is addictive but also serves as an effective painkiller

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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