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Anatomy and Physiology > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A

structure that encloses the cell; also known as plasma membrane

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2
Q

centrosome

A

tiny area near the nucleus of the animal cell; it contains two cylindrical structures called centrioles

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3
Q

chromatid

A

each strand of a replicable chromosome

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4
Q

anaphase

A

phase 4 in mitosis

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5
Q

anoxia

A

a lack of oxygen to cellular structures

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6
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away of tissue

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7
Q

benign

A

nonmalignant

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8
Q

biomarkers

A

a normal substance found in the blood or tissue in small amounts

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9
Q

cancer

A

the presence of a malignant tumor, which may affect all body parts

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10
Q

tumor

A

abnormal and uncontrolled growth of a cell

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11
Q

vacuole

A

clear space in a cell

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12
Q

wart

A

a type of tumor in the epithelial tissue; also known as papilloma

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13
Q

neoplasms

A

a tumor; can be benign or malignant

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14
Q

chromosome

A

nuclear material that determines hereditary characteristics

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

protoplasm of the cell body, excluding the nucleus

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16
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal framework of the cell including microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

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17
Q

diffusion

A

molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration

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18
Q

dysplasia

A

any abnormal development of tissues or organs

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19
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

transport system of a cell, can be smooth or rough

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20
Q

equilibrium

A

a state of balance

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21
Q

flagella

A

long, hairlike projections from the cell membrane found on sperm

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22
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive proliferation of normal cells

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23
Q

hypertonic solution

A

a solution in which water molecules are moving out of a cell, causing it to shrink

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24
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in the size of a muscle cell

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25
hypotonic solution
a solution in which water molecules are moving into a cell causing it to swell
26
hypoxia
decreased blood flow to cellular structures
27
interphase
the resting phase in the process of mitosis
28
isotonic solution
a solution in which movement of water molecules into and out of the cell is the same
29
lysosome
cytoplasmic organelle containing digestive enzymes
30
meiosis
cell division of gametes or cells; reduces the number of chromosomes
31
metaphase
phase 3 in the process of mitosis; nuclear membrane disappears
32
mitochondria
organelle that supplies energy to the cell
33
necrosis
cell death
34
neoplasia
uncontrolled growth pattern in a cell; may result in a neoplasm
35
neoplasm
a tumor; can be benign or malignant
36
nuclear membrane
double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus
37
nucleolus
small spherical structure within the cell nucleus
38
nucleoplasm
protoplasm of the nucleus; also called nuclear sap or karyolymph
39
nucleus
core or center of a cell containing large quantities of DNA; also the center of an atom
40
organelle
microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity
41
osmosis
passage of fluid through a membrane
42
papilloma
a type of tumor of the epithelial tissue; also known as a wart
43
peroxisomes
membranous sacs that contain oxidase enzymes
44
phagocytosis
ingestion of foreign or other particles by certain cells
45
pinocytic vesicle
formed by having the cell membrane fold inward to form a pocket
46
pinocytosis
process of engulfing large molecules in solution and taking them into the cell
47
prophase
phase 2 in the process of mitosis
48
solutes
dissolved substance in a solution
49
telophase
final stage in the mitosis process
50
active transport
process by which solute molecules are transported across a membrane against a concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration
51
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
chemical compound consisting of one molecule of adenine, one of ribose, and three of phosphoric acid; this is the high energy fuel the cell requires to function
52
apoptosis
an orderly process by which cells intentionally die; the term is used interchangeably with the term programmed cell death (PCD)
53
centrioles
two cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus in a tiny body called the centrosome; they are perpendicular to each other
54
chromatin
DNA and protein material in a diffuse and loose state; during mitosis chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
55
cilia
tiny hairlike projections of the protoplasm that extend from the cell surface and help move things along; they may also work like a filter
56
filtration
movement of water and particles across a semipermeable membrane by a mechanical force such as blood pressure
57
Golgi apparatus
a membranous network that resembles a stack of pancakes; it stores and packages secretions to be secreted by the cell
58
metastasis
transfer of malignant cells from an original site to a distant one through the circulatory system or lymph vessels
59
mitosis
cell division involving two distinct processes: 1) mitosis, the exact duplication of the nucleus to form two identical nuclei; and 2) cytoplasmic division; after nuclear division, the cytoplasm is divided into two approximately equal parts
60
osmotic pressure
the pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations of solute
61
passive transport
the process of moving materials across a cell membrane without using energy, such as diffusion, osmosis, or filtration
62
protoplasm
an aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by a cell membrane
63
replication
occurs when an exact copy of each nuclear chromosome is made during the early part of the first stage of mitosis (early interphase)
64
ribosome
submicroscopic particle attached to endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of a cell
65
organelles
microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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