Lesson 2 Flashcards
cell membrane
structure that encloses the cell; also known as plasma membrane
centrosome
tiny area near the nucleus of the animal cell; it contains two cylindrical structures called centrioles
chromatid
each strand of a replicable chromosome
anaphase
phase 4 in mitosis
anoxia
a lack of oxygen to cellular structures
atrophy
wasting away of tissue
benign
nonmalignant
biomarkers
a normal substance found in the blood or tissue in small amounts
cancer
the presence of a malignant tumor, which may affect all body parts
tumor
abnormal and uncontrolled growth of a cell
vacuole
clear space in a cell
wart
a type of tumor in the epithelial tissue; also known as papilloma
neoplasms
a tumor; can be benign or malignant
chromosome
nuclear material that determines hereditary characteristics
cytoplasm
protoplasm of the cell body, excluding the nucleus
cytoskeleton
internal framework of the cell including microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
diffusion
molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration
dysplasia
any abnormal development of tissues or organs
endoplasmic reticulum
transport system of a cell, can be smooth or rough
equilibrium
a state of balance
flagella
long, hairlike projections from the cell membrane found on sperm
hyperplasia
excessive proliferation of normal cells
hypertonic solution
a solution in which water molecules are moving out of a cell, causing it to shrink
hypertrophy
an increase in the size of a muscle cell
hypotonic solution
a solution in which water molecules are moving into a cell causing it to swell
hypoxia
decreased blood flow to cellular structures
interphase
the resting phase in the process of mitosis
isotonic solution
a solution in which movement of water molecules into and out of the cell is the same
lysosome
cytoplasmic organelle containing digestive enzymes
meiosis
cell division of gametes or cells; reduces the number of chromosomes
metaphase
phase 3 in the process of mitosis; nuclear membrane disappears
mitochondria
organelle that supplies energy to the cell
necrosis
cell death
neoplasia
uncontrolled growth pattern in a cell; may result in a neoplasm
neoplasm
a tumor; can be benign or malignant
nuclear membrane
double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus
nucleolus
small spherical structure within the cell nucleus
nucleoplasm
protoplasm of the nucleus; also called nuclear sap or karyolymph
nucleus
core or center of a cell containing large quantities of DNA; also the center of an atom
organelle
microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity
osmosis
passage of fluid through a membrane
papilloma
a type of tumor of the epithelial tissue; also known as a wart
peroxisomes
membranous sacs that contain oxidase enzymes
phagocytosis
ingestion of foreign or other particles by certain cells
pinocytic vesicle
formed by having the cell membrane fold inward to form a pocket
pinocytosis
process of engulfing large molecules in solution and taking them into the cell
prophase
phase 2 in the process of mitosis
solutes
dissolved substance in a solution
telophase
final stage in the mitosis process
active transport
process by which solute molecules are transported across a membrane against a concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
chemical compound consisting of one molecule of adenine, one of ribose, and three of phosphoric acid; this is the high energy fuel the cell requires to function
apoptosis
an orderly process by which cells intentionally die; the term is used interchangeably with the term programmed cell death (PCD)
centrioles
two cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus in a tiny body called the centrosome; they are perpendicular to each other
chromatin
DNA and protein material in a diffuse and loose state; during mitosis chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
cilia
tiny hairlike projections of the protoplasm that extend from the cell surface and help move things along; they may also work like a filter
filtration
movement of water and particles across a semipermeable membrane by a mechanical force such as blood pressure
Golgi apparatus
a membranous network that resembles a stack of pancakes; it stores and packages secretions to be secreted by the cell
metastasis
transfer of malignant cells from an original site to a distant one through the circulatory system or lymph vessels
mitosis
cell division involving two distinct processes: 1) mitosis, the exact duplication of the nucleus to form two identical nuclei; and 2) cytoplasmic division; after nuclear division, the cytoplasm is divided into two approximately equal parts
osmotic pressure
the pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations of solute
passive transport
the process of moving materials across a cell membrane without using energy, such as diffusion, osmosis, or filtration
protoplasm
an aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by a cell membrane
replication
occurs when an exact copy of each nuclear chromosome is made during the early part of the first stage of mitosis (early interphase)
ribosome
submicroscopic particle attached to endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of a cell
organelles
microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity
