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Anatomy and Physiology > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A

structure that encloses the cell; also known as plasma membrane

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2
Q

centrosome

A

tiny area near the nucleus of the animal cell; it contains two cylindrical structures called centrioles

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3
Q

chromatid

A

each strand of a replicable chromosome

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4
Q

anaphase

A

phase 4 in mitosis

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5
Q

anoxia

A

a lack of oxygen to cellular structures

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6
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away of tissue

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7
Q

benign

A

nonmalignant

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8
Q

biomarkers

A

a normal substance found in the blood or tissue in small amounts

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9
Q

cancer

A

the presence of a malignant tumor, which may affect all body parts

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10
Q

tumor

A

abnormal and uncontrolled growth of a cell

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11
Q

vacuole

A

clear space in a cell

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12
Q

wart

A

a type of tumor in the epithelial tissue; also known as papilloma

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13
Q

neoplasms

A

a tumor; can be benign or malignant

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14
Q

chromosome

A

nuclear material that determines hereditary characteristics

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

protoplasm of the cell body, excluding the nucleus

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16
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal framework of the cell including microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

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17
Q

diffusion

A

molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration

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18
Q

dysplasia

A

any abnormal development of tissues or organs

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19
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

transport system of a cell, can be smooth or rough

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20
Q

equilibrium

A

a state of balance

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21
Q

flagella

A

long, hairlike projections from the cell membrane found on sperm

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22
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive proliferation of normal cells

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23
Q

hypertonic solution

A

a solution in which water molecules are moving out of a cell, causing it to shrink

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24
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in the size of a muscle cell

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25
Q

hypotonic solution

A

a solution in which water molecules are moving into a cell causing it to swell

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26
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased blood flow to cellular structures

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27
Q

interphase

A

the resting phase in the process of mitosis

28
Q

isotonic solution

A

a solution in which movement of water molecules into and out of the cell is the same

29
Q

lysosome

A

cytoplasmic organelle containing digestive enzymes

30
Q

meiosis

A

cell division of gametes or cells; reduces the number of chromosomes

31
Q

metaphase

A

phase 3 in the process of mitosis; nuclear membrane disappears

32
Q

mitochondria

A

organelle that supplies energy to the cell

33
Q

necrosis

A

cell death

34
Q

neoplasia

A

uncontrolled growth pattern in a cell; may result in a neoplasm

35
Q

neoplasm

A

a tumor; can be benign or malignant

36
Q

nuclear membrane

A

double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus

37
Q

nucleolus

A

small spherical structure within the cell nucleus

38
Q

nucleoplasm

A

protoplasm of the nucleus; also called nuclear sap or karyolymph

39
Q

nucleus

A

core or center of a cell containing large quantities of DNA; also the center of an atom

40
Q

organelle

A

microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity

41
Q

osmosis

A

passage of fluid through a membrane

42
Q

papilloma

A

a type of tumor of the epithelial tissue; also known as a wart

43
Q

peroxisomes

A

membranous sacs that contain oxidase enzymes

44
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of foreign or other particles by certain cells

45
Q

pinocytic vesicle

A

formed by having the cell membrane fold inward to form a pocket

46
Q

pinocytosis

A

process of engulfing large molecules in solution and taking them into the cell

47
Q

prophase

A

phase 2 in the process of mitosis

48
Q

solutes

A

dissolved substance in a solution

49
Q

telophase

A

final stage in the mitosis process

50
Q

active transport

A

process by which solute molecules are transported across a membrane against a concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration

51
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

chemical compound consisting of one molecule of adenine, one of ribose, and three of phosphoric acid; this is the high energy fuel the cell requires to function

52
Q

apoptosis

A

an orderly process by which cells intentionally die; the term is used interchangeably with the term programmed cell death (PCD)

53
Q

centrioles

A

two cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus in a tiny body called the centrosome; they are perpendicular to each other

54
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and protein material in a diffuse and loose state; during mitosis chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

55
Q

cilia

A

tiny hairlike projections of the protoplasm that extend from the cell surface and help move things along; they may also work like a filter

56
Q

filtration

A

movement of water and particles across a semipermeable membrane by a mechanical force such as blood pressure

57
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a membranous network that resembles a stack of pancakes; it stores and packages secretions to be secreted by the cell

58
Q

metastasis

A

transfer of malignant cells from an original site to a distant one through the circulatory system or lymph vessels

59
Q

mitosis

A

cell division involving two distinct processes: 1) mitosis, the exact duplication of the nucleus to form two identical nuclei; and 2) cytoplasmic division; after nuclear division, the cytoplasm is divided into two approximately equal parts

60
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations of solute

61
Q

passive transport

A

the process of moving materials across a cell membrane without using energy, such as diffusion, osmosis, or filtration

62
Q

protoplasm

A

an aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by a cell membrane

63
Q

replication

A

occurs when an exact copy of each nuclear chromosome is made during the early part of the first stage of mitosis (early interphase)

64
Q

ribosome

A

submicroscopic particle attached to endoplasmic reticulum; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of a cell

65
Q

organelles

A

microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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