LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION/ DEFINITION OF TERMS

Question 1

is the study of blood group antigens and antibodies, HLA antigens and antibodies, pretransfusion testing, identification of unexpected alloantibodies, immune hemolysis, autoantibodies, drugs, blood collection, blood components, cryopreservation of blood, transfusiontransmitted viruses, tissue banking and organ transplantation, blood transfusion practice, safety, quality assessment, records, blood inventory management, and blood usage review.

Answer 1

Immunohematology

Question 2

: foreign molecules that bind specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor

Answer 2

Antigen

Question 3

: cells or tissue from a genetically different individual

Answer 3

Allogeneic

Question 4

: cells or tissue from self

Answer 4

Autologous

Question 5

: small-molecular-weight particle that requires a carrier molecule to be recognized by the immune system

Answer 5

Hapten

Question 6

: study of blood group antigens and antibodies

Answer 6

Immunohematology

Question 7

: lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow, differentiate into plasma cells when stimulated by an antigen, and produce antibodies

Answer 7

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Question 8

: lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and produce cytokines to activate the immune cells including the B cell

Answer 8

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Question 9

: secreted proteins that regulate the activity of other cells by binding to specific receptors

Answer 9

Cytokines

Question 10

They can increase or decrease cell proliferation, antibody production, and inflammation reactions.

Answer 10

Cytokines

Question 11

: B cells produced after the first exposure that remain in the circulation and can recognize and respond to an antigen faster.

Answer 11

Memory B cells

Question 12

: antibody-producing B cells that have reached the end of their differentiating pathway.

Answer 12

Plasma cells

Question 13

: sites on an antigen that are recognized and bound by a particular antibody or T-cell receptor (also called epitopes)

Answer 13

Antigenic determinants

Question 14

: single antigenic determinants; functionally, they are the parts of the antigen that combine with the antibody.

Answer 14

Epitopes

Question 15

: family of cells or organisms having genetically identical constitution.

Answer 15

Clone

Question 16

: antigen in its role of eliciting an immune response.

Answer 16

Immunogen

Question 17

: simple sugars, such as monosaccharides and starches (polysaccharides).

Answer 17

Carbohydrates

Question 18

: fatty acids and glycerol compounds.

Answer 18

Lipids

Question 19

is an antigen that provokes the immune response.

Answer 19

immunogen

Question 20

Not all (?) are immunogens.

Answer 20

antigens

Question 21

: glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) that recognizes a particular epitope on an antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen.

Answer 21

Antibody

Question 22

: antibody; glycoprotein secreted by plasma cells that binds to specific epitopes on antigenic substances.

Answer 22

Immunoglobulin

Question 23

: larger polypeptides of an antibody molecule composed of a variable and constant region

Answer 23

Heavy chains

Question 24

five major classes determine the isotype of an antibody.

Answer 24

Heavy chains

Question 25

: smaller polypeptides of an antibody molecule composed of a variable and constant region

Answer 25

Light chains

Question 26

two major types of light chains exist in humans (?).

Answer 26

kappa and lambda

Question 27

: one of five types of immunoglobulins determined by the heavy chain: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

Answer 27

Isotype

Question 28

: one of the two types of light chains that make up an immunoglobulin.

Answer 28

Kappa chains

Question 29

: one of the two types of light chains that make up an immunoglobulin.

Answer 29

Lambda chains

Question 30

: amino-terminal portions of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptor chains that are highly variable and responsible for the antigenic specificity of these molecules.

Answer 30

Variable regions

Question 31

: non-variable portions of the heavy and light chains of an immunoglobulin.

Answer 31

Constant regions

Question 32

: variable part of an antibody or T-cell receptor; the antigen-binding site.

Answer 32

Idiotope

Question 33

: portion of the immunoglobulin heavy chains between the Fc and Fab region

Answer 33

Hinge region

Question 34

provides flexibility to the molecule to allow two antigen-binding sites to function independently.

Answer 34

Hinge region

Question 35

: red cell destruction by phagocytes residing in the liver and spleen usually facilitated by IgG opsonization.

Answer 35

Extravascular hemolysis

Question 36

: number of epitopes per molecule of antigen.

Answer 36

Valency

Question 37

: red cell lyses occurring within the blood vessels usually by IgM activation of complement.

Answer 37

Intravascular hemolysis

Question 38

: having a combining power of two.

Answer 38

Bivalent

Question 39

: condition caused by destruction of fetal or neonatal red cells by maternal antibodies.

Answer 39

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn

Question 40

: immune response induced by initial exposure to the antigen.

Answer 40

Primary immune response

Question 41

is necessary to detect antigen-antibody complexes involving IgG antibodies in vitro.

Answer 41

antiglobulin test method

Question 42

: process of somatic mutations in the immunoglobulin gene causing the formation of variations in the affinity of the antibody to the antigen.

Answer 42

Affinity maturation

Question 43

B cells with the highest affinity are (?), and the resulting antibody is stronger.

Answer 43

“selected” for the best fit

Question 44

: immune response induced after a second exposure to the antigen, which activates the memory lymphocytes for a quicker response.

Answer 44

Secondary immune response

Question 45

: secondary immune response.

Answer 45

Anamnestic response

Question 46

Multiple stimulations of the immune system with the same antigen produce antibodies with increased binding strength as a result of affinity maturation.

Answer 46

Anamnestic response

Question 47

: complex of one or more antibody molecules bound to an antigen.

Answer 47

Immune complex

Question 48

: strength of the binding between a single antibody and an epitope of an antigen.

Answer 48

Affinity

Question 49

: overall strength of reaction between several epitopes and antibodies

Answer 49

Avidity

Question 50

depends on the affinity of the antibody, valency, and noncovalent attractive forces.

Answer 50

Avidity

Question 51

: compounds containing carbohydrate and protein molecules.

Answer 51

Glycoproteins

Question 52

: compounds containing carbohydrate and lipid molecules.

Answer 52

Glycolipids

Question 53

: visible clumping of particulate antigens caused by interaction with a specific antibody.

Answer 53

Agglutination

Question 54

: antibodies with specificities other than self

Answer 54

Alloantibodies

Question 55

stimulated by transfusion or pregnancy.

Answer 55

Alloantibodies

Question 56

: test to determine the presence of alloantibodies.

Answer 56

Antibody screen test

Question 57

: referring to a reaction within the body.

Answer 57

In vivo

Question 58

: group of serum proteins that participate in an enzymatic cascade, ultimately generating the membrane attack complex that causes lysis of cellular elements.

Answer 58

Complement system

Question 59

: C5 to C9 proteins of the complement system that mediate cell lysis in the target cell.

Answer 59

Membrane attack complex

Question 60

: lysis or rupture of erythrocytes.

Answer 60

Hemolysis

Question 61

: activation of complement that is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes.

Answer 61

Classical pathway

Question 62

: activation of complement that is initiated by foreign cell-surface constituents.

Answer 62

Alternative pathway

Question 63

: complement split products (C3a, C4a, and C5a) that mediate degranulation of mast cells and basophils, which results in smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.

Answer 63

Anaphylatoxins

Question 64

: products such as histamines released by basophils, mast cells, and platelets that act on the endothelium and smooth muscle of the local vasculature.

Answer 64

Vasoactive amines

Question 65

: movement of cells in the direction of the antigenic stimulus.

Answer 65

Chemotactic

Question 66

: substance (antibody or complement protein) that binds to an antigen and enhances phagocytosis.

Answer 66

Opsonin

Question 67

: molecules on the cell surface that have a high affinity for a particular ligand.

Answer 67

Receptors

Question 68

: system of mononuclear phagocytic cells, associated with the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, that clears microbes and damaged cells.

Answer 68

Mononuclear phagocyte system

Question 69

: reaction in an artificial environment, such as in a test tube, microplate, or column.

Answer 69

In vitro

Question 70

: binding of antibody or complement components to a red cell.

Answer 70

Sensitization

Question 71

: combination of antibody and a multivalent antigen to form cross-links and result in visible agglutination.

Answer 71

Lattice formation

Question 72

: ratio of antigen on the red cell to antibody in the serum.

Answer 72

Serum-to-cell ratio

Question 73

: interpretation of agglutination reactions immediately after centrifugation and without incubation.

Answer 73

Immediate-spin

Question 74

: electrostatic potential measured between the red cell membrane and the slipping plane of the same cell.

Answer 74

Zeta potential

Question 75

: number of binding sites of multivalent antigen and antibody are approximately equal.

Answer 75

Zone of equivalence

Question 76

: excess antibody causing a false-negative reaction.

Answer 76

Prozone

Question 77

: excess antigen causing a false-negative reaction.

Answer 77

Postzone

Question 78

: fluid above cells or particles after centrifugation.

Answer 78

Supernatant

Question 79

: unresponsiveness to platelet transfusions owing to HLA-specific or plateletspecific antibodies or platelet destruction from fever or sepsis.

Answer 79

Refractoriness

Question 80

is measured by posttransfusion platelet counts.

Answer 80

Responsiveness

Question 81

: set of linked genes inherited together because of their close proximity on a chromosome.

Answer 81

Haplotype

Question 82

: different forms of a gene present at a particular chromosomal locus.

Answer 82

Alleles

Question 83

: genetic system that expresses several possible alleles at specific loci on a chromosome.

Answer 83

Polymorphic

Question 84

: antibody destruction of a newborn’s platelets caused by antibodies formed from prior pregnancies and directed to paternal antigens.

Answer 84

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Question 85

: antibodies with specificities other than self; stimulated by transfusion or pregnancy.

Answer 85

Alloantibodies

Question 86

: antibody destruction of platelets after transfusion.

Answer 86

Posttransfusion purpura