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Immunohematology Lec > LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION/ DEFINITION OF TERMS > Flashcards

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION/ DEFINITION OF TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of blood group antigens and antibodies, HLA antigens and antibodies, pretransfusion testing, identification of unexpected alloantibodies, immune hemolysis, autoantibodies, drugs, blood collection, blood components, cryopreservation of blood, transfusiontransmitted viruses, tissue banking and organ transplantation, blood transfusion practice, safety, quality assessment, records, blood inventory management, and blood usage review.

A

Immunohematology

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2
Q

: foreign molecules that bind specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor

A

Antigen

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3
Q

: cells or tissue from a genetically different individual

A

Allogeneic

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4
Q

: cells or tissue from self

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Autologous

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5
Q

: small-molecular-weight particle that requires a carrier molecule to be recognized by the immune system

A

Hapten

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6
Q

: study of blood group antigens and antibodies

A

Immunohematology

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7
Q

: lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow, differentiate into plasma cells when stimulated by an antigen, and produce antibodies

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

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8
Q

: lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and produce cytokines to activate the immune cells including the B cell

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

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9
Q

: secreted proteins that regulate the activity of other cells by binding to specific receptors

A

Cytokines

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10
Q

They can increase or decrease cell proliferation, antibody production, and inflammation reactions.

A

Cytokines

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11
Q

: B cells produced after the first exposure that remain in the circulation and can recognize and respond to an antigen faster.

A

Memory B cells

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12
Q

: antibody-producing B cells that have reached the end of their differentiating pathway.

A

Plasma cells

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13
Q

: sites on an antigen that are recognized and bound by a particular antibody or T-cell receptor (also called epitopes)

A

Antigenic determinants

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14
Q

: single antigenic determinants; functionally, they are the parts of the antigen that combine with the antibody.

A

Epitopes

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15
Q

: family of cells or organisms having genetically identical constitution.

A

Clone

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16
Q

: antigen in its role of eliciting an immune response.

A

Immunogen

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17
Q

: simple sugars, such as monosaccharides and starches (polysaccharides).

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

: fatty acids and glycerol compounds.

A

Lipids

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19
Q

is an antigen that provokes the immune response.

A

immunogen

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20
Q

Not all (?) are immunogens.

A

antigens

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21
Q

: glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) that recognizes a particular epitope on an antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen.

A

Antibody

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22
Q

: antibody; glycoprotein secreted by plasma cells that binds to specific epitopes on antigenic substances.

A

Immunoglobulin

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23
Q

: larger polypeptides of an antibody molecule composed of a variable and constant region

A

Heavy chains

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24
Q

five major classes determine the isotype of an antibody.

A

Heavy chains

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25
Q

: smaller polypeptides of an antibody molecule composed of a variable and constant region

A

Light chains

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26
Q

two major types of light chains exist in humans (?).

A

kappa and lambda

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27
Q

: one of five types of immunoglobulins determined by the heavy chain: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

A

Isotype

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28
Q

: one of the two types of light chains that make up an immunoglobulin.

A

Kappa chains

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29
Q

: one of the two types of light chains that make up an immunoglobulin.

A

Lambda chains

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30
Q

: amino-terminal portions of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptor chains that are highly variable and responsible for the antigenic specificity of these molecules.

A

Variable regions

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31
Q

: non-variable portions of the heavy and light chains of an immunoglobulin.

A

Constant regions

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32
Q

: variable part of an antibody or T-cell receptor; the antigen-binding site.

A

Idiotope

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33
Q

: portion of the immunoglobulin heavy chains between the Fc and Fab region

A

Hinge region

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34
Q

provides flexibility to the molecule to allow two antigen-binding sites to function independently.

A

Hinge region

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35
Q

: red cell destruction by phagocytes residing in the liver and spleen usually facilitated by IgG opsonization.

A

Extravascular hemolysis

36
Q

: number of epitopes per molecule of antigen.

A

Valency

37
Q

: red cell lyses occurring within the blood vessels usually by IgM activation of complement.

A

Intravascular hemolysis

38
Q

: having a combining power of two.

A

Bivalent

39
Q

: condition caused by destruction of fetal or neonatal red cells by maternal antibodies.

A

Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn

40
Q

: immune response induced by initial exposure to the antigen.

A

Primary immune response

41
Q

is necessary to detect antigen-antibody complexes involving IgG antibodies in vitro.

A

antiglobulin test method

42
Q

: process of somatic mutations in the immunoglobulin gene causing the formation of variations in the affinity of the antibody to the antigen.

A

Affinity maturation

43
Q

B cells with the highest affinity are (?), and the resulting antibody is stronger.

A

“selected” for the best fit

44
Q

: immune response induced after a second exposure to the antigen, which activates the memory lymphocytes for a quicker response.

A

Secondary immune response

45
Q

: secondary immune response.

A

Anamnestic response

46
Q

Multiple stimulations of the immune system with the same antigen produce antibodies with increased binding strength as a result of affinity maturation.

A

Anamnestic response

47
Q

: complex of one or more antibody molecules bound to an antigen.

A

Immune complex

48
Q

: strength of the binding between a single antibody and an epitope of an antigen.

A

Affinity

49
Q

: overall strength of reaction between several epitopes and antibodies

A

Avidity

50
Q

depends on the affinity of the antibody, valency, and noncovalent attractive forces.

A

Avidity

51
Q

: compounds containing carbohydrate and protein molecules.

A

Glycoproteins

52
Q

: compounds containing carbohydrate and lipid molecules.

A

Glycolipids

53
Q

: visible clumping of particulate antigens caused by interaction with a specific antibody.

A

Agglutination

54
Q

: antibodies with specificities other than self

A

Alloantibodies

55
Q

stimulated by transfusion or pregnancy.

A

Alloantibodies

56
Q

: test to determine the presence of alloantibodies.

A

Antibody screen test

57
Q

: referring to a reaction within the body.

A

In vivo

58
Q

: group of serum proteins that participate in an enzymatic cascade, ultimately generating the membrane attack complex that causes lysis of cellular elements.

A

Complement system

59
Q

: C5 to C9 proteins of the complement system that mediate cell lysis in the target cell.

A

Membrane attack complex

60
Q

: lysis or rupture of erythrocytes.

A

Hemolysis

61
Q

: activation of complement that is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes.

A

Classical pathway

62
Q

: activation of complement that is initiated by foreign cell-surface constituents.

A

Alternative pathway

63
Q

: complement split products (C3a, C4a, and C5a) that mediate degranulation of mast cells and basophils, which results in smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.

A

Anaphylatoxins

64
Q

: products such as histamines released by basophils, mast cells, and platelets that act on the endothelium and smooth muscle of the local vasculature.

A

Vasoactive amines

65
Q

: movement of cells in the direction of the antigenic stimulus.

A

Chemotactic

66
Q

: substance (antibody or complement protein) that binds to an antigen and enhances phagocytosis.

A

Opsonin

67
Q

: molecules on the cell surface that have a high affinity for a particular ligand.

A

Receptors

68
Q

: system of mononuclear phagocytic cells, associated with the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, that clears microbes and damaged cells.

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system

69
Q

: reaction in an artificial environment, such as in a test tube, microplate, or column.

A

In vitro

70
Q

: binding of antibody or complement components to a red cell.

A

Sensitization

71
Q

: combination of antibody and a multivalent antigen to form cross-links and result in visible agglutination.

A

Lattice formation

72
Q

: ratio of antigen on the red cell to antibody in the serum.

A

Serum-to-cell ratio

73
Q

: interpretation of agglutination reactions immediately after centrifugation and without incubation.

A

Immediate-spin

74
Q

: electrostatic potential measured between the red cell membrane and the slipping plane of the same cell.

A

Zeta potential

75
Q

: number of binding sites of multivalent antigen and antibody are approximately equal.

A

Zone of equivalence

76
Q

: excess antibody causing a false-negative reaction.

A

Prozone

77
Q

: excess antigen causing a false-negative reaction.

A

Postzone

78
Q

: fluid above cells or particles after centrifugation.

A

Supernatant

79
Q

: unresponsiveness to platelet transfusions owing to HLA-specific or plateletspecific antibodies or platelet destruction from fever or sepsis.

A

Refractoriness

80
Q

is measured by posttransfusion platelet counts.

A

Responsiveness

81
Q

: set of linked genes inherited together because of their close proximity on a chromosome.

A

Haplotype

82
Q

: different forms of a gene present at a particular chromosomal locus.

A

Alleles

83
Q

: genetic system that expresses several possible alleles at specific loci on a chromosome.

A

Polymorphic

84
Q

: antibody destruction of a newborn’s platelets caused by antibodies formed from prior pregnancies and directed to paternal antigens.

A

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

85
Q

: antibodies with specificities other than self; stimulated by transfusion or pregnancy.

A

Alloantibodies

86
Q

: antibody destruction of platelets after transfusion.

A

Posttransfusion purpura

Immunohematology Lec (35 decks)

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