[2] CHAPTER I LESSON 2 Flashcards
1
Q
- studies Ag-Ab reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders
A
IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
2
Q
Major blood groups:
A
A. B. AB. O. Rh
3
Q
is also a type of organ transplantation
A
Blood
4
Q
TRALI -
A
transfusion-related acute lung injury
5
Q
TACO -
A
transfusion-appropriated circirculatory overload
6
Q
TTI –
A
transfusion transmissible infections
7
Q
- refers to the process of collecting, separating, and storing blood
A
BLOOD BANKING
8
Q
First time a blood transfusion was recorded in history.
A
Pope Innocent VII (1492)
9
Q
Sodium phosphate
A
Braxton Hicks (1869)
10
Q
ABO blood groups
A
Karl Landsteiner (1902)
11
Q
Explained results of incompatible trasfusions
A
Karl Landsteiner (1902)
12
Q
Vein to vein transfusion
A
Edward E. Lindemann
13
Q
Syringe-valve apparatus
A
Unger
14
Q
Sodium citrate as an anticoagulant
A
Hustin (1914)
15
Q
Minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation
A
Lewisohn (1915)
16
Q
Dev of preservative solutions to enhance the metabolism of the rbc
A
Lewisohn (1915)
17
Q
Citrate dextrose solution for the preservation of blood
A
Rous and Turner
18
Q
Techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation
A
Dr. Charles Drew
19
Q
Journal of Clinical Investigation
A
July 1947
20
Q
Introduced an improved preservatice solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)
A
Gibson (1957)
21
Q
Frequent transfusions and the massive use of blood resulted in new problems
A
Component Therapy
22
Q
Introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose
A
Loutit and Mollison
23
Q
The amount of whole blood in a unit has been
A
450 mL +/- 10% of blood (1 pint)
24
Q
More recently.
A
500 mL +/-10% of BLOOD
25
For a 110 lb (50 kg) donor, a maximum of (?) can be collected
525 mL
26
Total blood volume for most adults:
10 to 12 pints
27
Donors can replenish the fluid lost from the donation of
1 pint in 24 hours.
28
The donor’s red cells are replaced within (?) after donation.
1 to 2 months
29
A volunteer donor can donate blood every
8 weeks
30
Units of the whole blood can be separated into three components:
Packed red blood cells, platelets, and plasma
31
The plasma can be converted by(?) to a clotting factor concentrate that is rich in (?)
cryoprecipitation
antihemophilic factor
32
(?) can donate given that the blood type is rare by decreasing the anticoagulant in proportion to the blood donated
Ex. (?)
<50 kg
Autologous donation
33
A unit of whole blood-prepared RBCs may be stored for (?), depending on the anticoagulant-preservative solution.
21 to 42 days
34
STORAGE TIME OF ACP AND CPD
21 days
35
contains information on the risks of infectious diseases transmitted by blood transfusion, including the symptoms and sign of AIDS, is given to each prospective donor to read
Educational Materials
36
Step 1:
Educational Materials
37
Step 2:
The Donor Health History Questionnaire
38
Step 3:
The Abbreviated Physical Examination
39
A uniform (?), designed to ask questions that protect the health of both the donor and the recipient, is given to every donor.
The Donor Health History Questionnaire
40
is used to identify donors who have been exposed to diseases that can be transmitted in blood.
The Donor Health History Questionnaire
41
The abbreviated physical examination for donors includes
blood pressure, pulse, and temperature readings; hemoglobin or hematocrit level; and the inspection of the arms for skin lesions.
42
AABB
Step 1: Educational Materials
43
pamphlet
Step 1: Educational Materials
44
"An Important Message to All Blood Donors"
Step 1: Educational Materials
45
variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire
46
West Nile fever
Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire
47
Malaria
Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire
48
Babeslosis
Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire
49
Chaga's disease
Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire
50
Current Donor Screening Tests for Infectious Diseases
51
The donation process, especially (?), has been carefully modified over time to allow for the rejection of donors who may transmit transfusion-associated disease to recipients.
steps 1 and 2
52
The (?) is safer than it has ever been because of the donation process and extensive laboratory screening (testing) of blood.
nation’s blood supply
53
The use of (?), licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 2002, is one reason for the increased safety of the blood supply.
nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT)
54
Syphilis
1950’s
55
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
1971
56
Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)
1986
57
Hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV)
1990
58
Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies (anti- HIV-1/2)
1992
59
Human T cell lymphotropic virus antibody (anti-HTLV-I/II)
1997
60
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) (NAT)*, **
1999
61
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (NAT) **
1999
62
West Nile Virus (NAT)
2004
63
Trypanosoma cruzi antibody (anti-T. cruzi)
2007
64
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) NAT
2009
65
Babesia microti antibody and NAT (recommended)
2012
66
Zika virus NAT
2016
67
1 Anti-HIV-1 testing implemented in
1985
68
2 Anti-HTLV testing implemented in
1988
69
diseases - US
12
70
diseases - pH
4
71
: Increased safety for the blood supply
NAT
72
licensced by DOST
NAT
73
MORE SENSITIVE
NAT
74
Three areas of RBC biology are crucial for normal erythrocyte
survival function:
1. Normal chemical composition and structure of the RBC membrane
2. Hemoglobin structure and function
3. RBC metabolism
75
RBC’s- days in the circulation
76
• Represents a semipermeable lipid bilayer supported by a meshlike protein cytoskeleton structure.
RBC MEMBRANE
77
- main lipid component of the membrane, arranged
in a bilayer structure comprising the framework in which globular proteins traverse and move.
Phospholipids
78
Semi-permeable
Integral and Peripheral proteins
79
some cpt readily passes thruprovided that No there are channel proteins
Semi-permeable
80
inner -
hydrophobic
81
outer -
hydrophilic
82
ribosome:
83
golgi:
packaging
84
central dogma:
transc-transl
85
The biochemical composition of the RBC membrane is
approximately
52% protein, 40% lipid, and 8% carbohydrate
86
: The loss of RBC membrane is exemplified by the formation of spherocytes and bite cells.
Deformability
87
: The RBC membrane is freely permeable to water and anions.
Permeability
88
The RBC membrane is relatively impermeable to cations such as
sodium and potassium
89
The erythrocyte intracellular-to- extracellular ratios for Na+ and K+ are (?), respectively
1:12 and 25:1
90
Intracellular
Potassium
91
cells are called (?), since it leaks out during rupture ex. in cases of muscle wasting
“bag of K+”
92
Test conducted for emergency cases
K
93
STAT test
K
94
Rupture of cells - release of
K
95
Lethal injection
o first convicted criminal is
o main component is
Leo Echegaray
potassium
96
for marathon runners, banana is given to relax the muscles
(high in K)
K
97
may lead to cardiac arrest (serum-potassium)
K
98
Goal of Blood preservation: To provide (?) for patients requiring blood transfusion.
viable and functional blood components
99
2 criteria used to evaluate new preservation solutions and
storage contalners:
An average (?) of more than 75%
Red cell integrity be maintained throughout the shelf-
life of the stored RBC'
24-hour post transfusion RBC survival
120 days
100
To maintain optimum viability, blood is stored in the liquid state between
1oC and 6oC
101
The loss of RBC viability has been correlated with the
“lesion of storage”
102
RBC Storage Lesion
103
% Viable Cells
Decreased
104
Glucose
Decreased
105
ATP
Decreased
106
Lactic Acid
Increased
107
pH
Decreased
108
2,3-Diphosphoglyceric Acid
Decreased
109
Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Shift to the
Left
110
Plasma K+
Increased
111
Plasma hemoglobin
Increased
112
Adenine supplemented blood can be stored at (?) for (?); other anticoagulants are approved for (?).
1 to 6 degrees Celsius
35 days
21 days
113
Chemicals in Anticoagulant solutions:
1. Citrate
2. Monobasic sodium phosphate
3. Dextrose
4. Adenine
114
- chelates calcium; prevents clotting
1. Citrate
115
- maintains pH during storage
2. Monobasic sodium phosphate
116
- Substrate for ATP production
3. Dextrose
117
- Production of ATP
4. Adenine
118
21 STORAGE TIME (DAYS)
Acid Citrate-Dextrose (formula A)*
Citrate-phosphate dextrose
Citrate-phosphate-double dextrose
119
35 STORAGE TIME (DAYS)
Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine
120
*ACD-A is used for
apheresis components
