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Immunohematology Lec > [2] CHAPTER I LESSON 2 > Flashcards

[2] CHAPTER I LESSON 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • studies Ag-Ab reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders
A

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY

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2
Q

Major blood groups:

A

A. B. AB. O. Rh

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3
Q

is also a type of organ transplantation

A

Blood

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4
Q

TRALI -

A

transfusion-related acute lung injury

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5
Q

TACO -

A

transfusion-appropriated circirculatory overload

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6
Q

TTI –

A

transfusion transmissible infections

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7
Q
  • refers to the process of collecting, separating, and storing blood
A

BLOOD BANKING

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8
Q

First time a blood transfusion was recorded in history.

A

Pope Innocent VII (1492)

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9
Q

Sodium phosphate

A

Braxton Hicks (1869)

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10
Q

ABO blood groups

A

Karl Landsteiner (1902)

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11
Q

Explained results of incompatible trasfusions

A

Karl Landsteiner (1902)

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12
Q

Vein to vein transfusion

A

Edward E. Lindemann

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13
Q

Syringe-valve apparatus

A

Unger

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14
Q

Sodium citrate as an anticoagulant

A

Hustin (1914)

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15
Q

Minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation

A

Lewisohn (1915)

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16
Q

Dev of preservative solutions to enhance the metabolism of the rbc

A

Lewisohn (1915)

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17
Q

Citrate dextrose solution for the preservation of blood

A

Rous and Turner

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18
Q

Techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation

A

Dr. Charles Drew

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19
Q

Journal of Clinical Investigation

A

July 1947

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20
Q

Introduced an improved preservatice solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

A

Gibson (1957)

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21
Q

Frequent transfusions and the massive use of blood resulted in new problems

A

Component Therapy

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22
Q

Introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose

A

Loutit and Mollison

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23
Q

The amount of whole blood in a unit has been

A

450 mL +/- 10% of blood (1 pint)

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24
Q

More recently.

A

500 mL +/-10% of BLOOD

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25
Q

For a 110 lb (50 kg) donor, a maximum of (?) can be collected

A

525 mL

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26
Q

Total blood volume for most adults:

A

10 to 12 pints

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27
Q

Donors can replenish the fluid lost from the donation of

A

1 pint in 24 hours.

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28
Q

The donor’s red cells are replaced within (?) after donation.

A

1 to 2 months

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29
Q

A volunteer donor can donate blood every

A

8 weeks

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30
Q

Units of the whole blood can be separated into three components:

A

Packed red blood cells, platelets, and plasma

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31
Q

The plasma can be converted by(?) to a clotting factor concentrate that is rich in (?)

A

cryoprecipitation

antihemophilic factor

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32
Q

(?) can donate given that the blood type is rare by decreasing the anticoagulant in proportion to the blood donated

Ex. (?)

A

<50 kg

Autologous donation

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33
Q

A unit of whole blood-prepared RBCs may be stored for (?), depending on the anticoagulant-preservative solution.

A

21 to 42 days

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34
Q

STORAGE TIME OF ACP AND CPD

A

21 days

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35
Q

contains information on the risks of infectious diseases transmitted by blood transfusion, including the symptoms and sign of AIDS, is given to each prospective donor to read

A

Educational Materials

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36
Q

Step 1:

A

Educational Materials

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37
Q

Step 2:

A

The Donor Health History Questionnaire

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38
Q

Step 3:

A

The Abbreviated Physical Examination

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39
Q

A uniform (?), designed to ask questions that protect the health of both the donor and the recipient, is given to every donor.

A

The Donor Health History Questionnaire

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40
Q

is used to identify donors who have been exposed to diseases that can be transmitted in blood.

A

The Donor Health History Questionnaire

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41
Q

The abbreviated physical examination for donors includes

A

blood pressure, pulse, and temperature readings; hemoglobin or hematocrit level; and the inspection of the arms for skin lesions.

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42
Q

AABB

A

Step 1: Educational Materials

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43
Q

pamphlet

A

Step 1: Educational Materials

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44
Q

“An Important Message to All Blood Donors”

A

Step 1: Educational Materials

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45
Q

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob

A

Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire

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46
Q

West Nile fever

A

Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire

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47
Q

Malaria

A

Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire

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48
Q

Babeslosis

A

Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire

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49
Q

Chaga’s disease

A

Step 2: The Donor Health History Questionnaire

50
Q

Current Donor Screening Tests for Infectious Diseases

A
51
Q

The donation process, especially (?), has been carefully modified over time to allow for the rejection of donors who may transmit transfusion-associated disease to recipients.

A

steps 1 and 2

52
Q

The (?) is safer than it has ever been because of the donation process and extensive laboratory screening (testing) of blood.

A

nation’s blood supply

53
Q

The use of (?), licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 2002, is one reason for the increased safety of the blood supply.

A

nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT)

54
Q

Syphilis

A

1950’s

55
Q

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)

A

1971

56
Q

Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)

A

1986

57
Q

Hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV)

A

1990

58
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies (anti- HIV-1/2)

A

1992

59
Q

Human T cell lymphotropic virus antibody (anti-HTLV-I/II)

A

1997

60
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) (NAT)*, **

A

1999

61
Q

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (NAT) **

A

1999

62
Q

West Nile Virus (NAT)

A

2004

63
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi antibody (anti-T. cruzi)

A

2007

64
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) NAT

A

2009

65
Q

Babesia microti antibody and NAT (recommended)

A

2012

66
Q

Zika virus NAT

A

2016

67
Q

1 Anti-HIV-1 testing implemented in

A

1985

68
Q

2 Anti-HTLV testing implemented in

A

1988

69
Q

diseases - US

A

12

70
Q

diseases - pH

A

4

71
Q

: Increased safety for the blood supply

A

NAT

72
Q

licensced by DOST

A

NAT

73
Q

MORE SENSITIVE

A

NAT

74
Q

Three areas of RBC biology are crucial for normal erythrocyte
survival function:

A
  1. Normal chemical composition and structure of the RBC membrane
  2. Hemoglobin structure and function
  3. RBC metabolism
75
Q

RBC’s- days in the circulation

A
76
Q

• Represents a semipermeable lipid bilayer supported by a meshlike protein cytoskeleton structure.

A

RBC MEMBRANE

77
Q
  • main lipid component of the membrane, arranged
    in a bilayer structure comprising the framework in which globular proteins traverse and move.
A

Phospholipids

78
Q

Semi-permeable

A

Integral and Peripheral proteins

79
Q

some cpt readily passes thruprovided that No there are channel proteins

A

Semi-permeable

80
Q

inner -

A

hydrophobic

81
Q

outer -

A

hydrophilic

82
Q

ribosome:

A
83
Q

golgi:

A

packaging

84
Q

central dogma:

A

transc-transl

85
Q

The biochemical composition of the RBC membrane is
approximately

A

52% protein, 40% lipid, and 8% carbohydrate

86
Q

: The loss of RBC membrane is exemplified by the formation of spherocytes and bite cells.

A

Deformability

87
Q

: The RBC membrane is freely permeable to water and anions.

A

Permeability

88
Q

The RBC membrane is relatively impermeable to cations such as

A

sodium and potassium

89
Q

The erythrocyte intracellular-to- extracellular ratios for Na+ and K+ are (?), respectively

A

1:12 and 25:1

90
Q

Intracellular

A

Potassium

91
Q

cells are called (?), since it leaks out during rupture ex. in cases of muscle wasting

A

“bag of K+”

92
Q

Test conducted for emergency cases

A

K

93
Q

STAT test

A

K

94
Q

Rupture of cells - release of

A

K

95
Q

Lethal injection
o first convicted criminal is
o main component is

A

Leo Echegaray

potassium

96
Q

for marathon runners, banana is given to relax the muscles
(high in K)

A

K

97
Q

may lead to cardiac arrest (serum-potassium)

A

K

98
Q

Goal of Blood preservation: To provide (?) for patients requiring blood transfusion.

A

viable and functional blood components

99
Q

2 criteria used to evaluate new preservation solutions and
storage contalners:

An average (?) of more than 75%

Red cell integrity be maintained throughout the shelf-
life of the stored RBC’

A

24-hour post transfusion RBC survival

120 days

100
Q

To maintain optimum viability, blood is stored in the liquid state between

A

1oC and 6oC

101
Q

The loss of RBC viability has been correlated with the

A

“lesion of storage”

102
Q

RBC Storage Lesion

A
103
Q

% Viable Cells

A

Decreased

104
Q

Glucose

A

Decreased

105
Q

ATP

A

Decreased

106
Q

Lactic Acid

A

Increased

107
Q

pH

A

Decreased

108
Q

2,3-Diphosphoglyceric Acid

A

Decreased

109
Q

Oxygen Dissociation Curve

A

Shift to the
Left

110
Q

Plasma K+

A

Increased

111
Q

Plasma hemoglobin

A

Increased

112
Q

Adenine supplemented blood can be stored at (?) for (?); other anticoagulants are approved for (?).

A

1 to 6 degrees Celsius

35 days

21 days

113
Q

Chemicals in Anticoagulant solutions:

A
  1. Citrate
  2. Monobasic sodium phosphate
  3. Dextrose
  4. Adenine
114
Q
  • chelates calcium; prevents clotting
A
  1. Citrate
115
Q
  • maintains pH during storage
A
  1. Monobasic sodium phosphate
116
Q
  • Substrate for ATP production
A
  1. Dextrose
117
Q
  • Production of ATP
A
  1. Adenine
118
Q

21 STORAGE TIME (DAYS)

A

Acid Citrate-Dextrose (formula A)*

Citrate-phosphate dextrose

Citrate-phosphate-double dextrose

119
Q

35 STORAGE TIME (DAYS)

A

Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine

120
Q

*ACD-A is used for

A

apheresis components

Immunohematology Lec (35 decks)

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