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Immunohematology Lec > [3] CHAPTER II LESSON 1 > Flashcards

[3] CHAPTER II LESSON 1 Flashcards

1
Q

[?] must be performed on all donors and patients.

A

• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests

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2
Q

• Most frequently performed test in the blood bank.

A

• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests

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3
Q

• Most important of all blood groups in transfusion practice.

A

• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests

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4
Q

• Naturally occurring antibodies

A

• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests

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5
Q

• Only blood group system in which individuals have antibodies in their serum to antigens that are absent from their RBCs.

A

• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests

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6
Q

Type A : [?] (surface) - [?] (plasma)
Type B : [?] (surface) - [?] (plasma)
Type AB : [?] (surface) - [?] (plasma)
Type O : [?] (surface) - [?] (plasma)

A

Type A : A antigen (surface) - Anti-B (plasma)
Type B : B antigen (surface) - Anti-A (plasma)
Type AB : A and B antigen (surface) - none (plasma)
Type O : none (surface) - Anti-A and Anti-B (plasma)

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7
Q

Universal donor:
-Only true for only packed red cells due to what is in the plasma (to prevent adverse reaction)
-There will be a problem in the whole blood due to the presence of Abs

A

O

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8
Q

Universal acceptor:

A

AB

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9
Q

INHERITANCE OF THE ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• First described by [?] in 1924

A

Bernstein

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10
Q

• The inheritance of ABO genes follows the

A

Mendelian. genetics.

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11
Q

• ABO is [?] in expression

A

codominant

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12
Q

• One position or locus, on each chromosome [?] is occupied by an [?].

A

9

A, B, or O gene

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13
Q

• The O gene is considered an [?] (even if present, it is detectable)

A

amorph

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14
Q

• The group O phenotype is an [?] with the inheritance of 2 0 genes.

A

autosomal recessive trait

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15
Q

• The designations group [?] refer to phenotypes, whereas [?] denote genotypes.

A

A and B

AA, BO, and OO

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16
Q

Phenotypes:
Genotypes:

A

Blood type A, Blood type B

AA, BO, OO

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17
Q

Discovered the first human blood group system ABO

A

Karl Landsteiner

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18
Q

He was inadvertently the first individual to perform forward and reverse grouping

A

Karl Landsteiner

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19
Q

In a series of experiments designed to show serologic incompatibilities between humans, he recognized different patterns of agglutination when human blood samples were mixed in random pairings.

A

Karl Landsteiner

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20
Q

He described the blood groups as A, B, and O.

A

Karl Landsteiner

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21
Q

Several years later, Landsteiner’s associates, [?], added group AB to the original observations.

A

von Decastello and Sturli

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22
Q

He noted the presence of agglutinating antibodies in the serum of individuals who lacked the corresponding ABO antigen.

A

Karl Landsteiner

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23
Q

He observed that group A red cells agglutinated with the serum from group B individuals.

A

Karl Landsteiner

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24
Q

Most frequent cause of death in FY 2015

A
  1. TRALI
  2. HTR (non-ABO)
  3. HTR (ABO)
  4. Contamination (Bacterial)
  5. TACO
  6. Allergy or Anaphylaxis
  7. Hypotensive Reaction
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25
Q

[?]remains a cause of death in hemolytic transfusion reaction fatalities reported to the FDA; however, [?] was the most frequent cause of death in FY 2015.

A

Transfusion of the wrong ABO group

TRALI

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26
Q

The transfusion of ABOincompatible blood to a recipient can result in [?] and other serious consequences of an [?]

A

intravascular hemolysis

acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

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27
Q

It has been postulated that [?], and other substances present in nature are chemically similar to A and B antigens.

A

bacteria, pollen particles

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28
Q

Antibody production in most other blood group systems requires the introduction of foreign RBCs by either [?], although some individuals can occasionally have antibodies present that are not related to the introduction of foreign RBCs.

A

transfusion or pregnancy

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29
Q

Performance of [?] is, therefore, unique to the ABO blood group system.

A

serum grouping

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30
Q

The frequency of the ABO blood groups differs among [?]

A

selected populations and ethnic groups

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31
Q

Phenotype O

Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Asian

A
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32
Q

Phenotype A

Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Asian

A
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33
Q

Phenotype B

Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Asian

A
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34
Q

Phenotype AB

Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Asian

A
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35
Q

*Hispanic includes

A

Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and other Hispanics.

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36
Q

**Asian includes

A

Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese

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37
Q

A1A1

A

A1

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38
Q

A1A2

A

A1

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39
Q

A1O

A

A1

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40
Q

A2A2

A

A2

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41
Q

A2O

A

A2

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42
Q

A1B

A

A1B

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43
Q

A2B

A

A2B

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44
Q

OO

A

O

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45
Q

BB

A

B

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46
Q

BO

A

B

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47
Q

Results from the interaction of genes at three separate loci

A

(ABO, Hh, and Se)

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48
Q

Produces specific [?] that add sugars to a basic precursor substance.

A

glycosyltransferases

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49
Q

A, B, H antigens are formed from the same basic precursor material

A

Paragloboside or glycan-

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50
Q

Specific enzyme transferases elicited by an inherited gene attach sugars to the

A

paragloboside/glycan.

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51
Q
  • precursor structure on which A and B antigens are made
A

H antigen

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52
Q

Inheritance of the H gene results in the formation of the

A

H antigen.

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53
Q

The precursor substance on erythrocytes is referred to as

A

type 2.

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54
Q

A type 1 precursor substance refers to a beta 1-3 linkage between

A

galactose and Nacetylglucosamine

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55
Q

The substance (?) must be formed for the other sugars to be attached in response to an inherited A and/or B gene.

A

L-fucose

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56
Q

H (FUT1) Glycosyltransferase

A

α-2-L-fucosyltransferase

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57
Q

H (FUT1) Immunodominant Sugar

A

L-fucose

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58
Q

H (FUT1) Antigen

A

H

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59
Q

A Antigen

A

A

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60
Q

A Glycosyltransferase

A

α-3-Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase

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61
Q

A Immunodominant Sugar

A

N-acetyl-Dgalactosamine

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62
Q

B Glycosyltransferase

A

α-3-D-galactosyltransferase

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63
Q

B Immunodominant Sugar

A

D-galactose

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64
Q

B Antigen

A

B

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65
Q

AB Glycosyltransferase

A

α-3-Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase
α-3-D-galactosyltransferase

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66
Q

AB Immunodominant Sugar

A

N-acetyl-Dgalactosamine
D-galactose

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67
Q

AB Antigen

A

AB

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68
Q

can also be found in all body secretions.

A

ABH-soluble antigens

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69
Q

Their presence is dependent on the ABO genes inherited and on the inheritance of another set of genes called [?] that regulate their formation

A

Sese (secretor genes)

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70
Q

Secretor gene products of alleles at

A

ABO and Hh loci

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71
Q

If (?) is present, watery secretions contain water soluble subs.

A

Se gene

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72
Q

are secretors

A

SeSe or Sese individuals

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73
Q

are nonsecretors

A

sese individuals

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74
Q

ABH Antigens on RBCs
• RBC antigens can be

A

glycolipids, glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids.

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75
Q

ABH Antigens on RBCs
• RBC antigens are synthesized only on

A

type 2 precursor chains

76
Q

ABH Antigens on RBCs
• Type 2 chain refers to a

A

beta 14 linkage.

77
Q

ABH Antigens on RBCs
• The enzyme produced by the [?] acts primarily on type 2 chains, which are prevalent on the RBC membrane.

A

H (FUT1) gene

78
Q

A, B and H Soluble Substances
• Secreted substances are

A

glycoproteins

79
Q

A, B and H Soluble Substances
• Secreted substances are primarily synthesized on

A

type 1 precursor chains

80
Q

A, B and H Soluble Substances
• Type 1 chains refers to a

A

beta 1-3 linkage.

81
Q

A, B and H Soluble Substances
• The enzyme produced by the [?] preferentially acts on type 1 chains in secretory tissues.

A

Se (FUT 2) gene

82
Q

Discovery of the first human blood group system

A

Karl Landsteiner

83
Q

He was the first individual to perform forward and reverse grouping

A

Karl Landsteiner

84
Q

: rule stating that normal, healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens absent from their red cells.

A

Landsteiner’s Laws

85
Q

The (?) on the RBC determines the blood group

A

antigen

86
Q

The (?) is never found in the individuals’ serum

A

corresponding antibody

87
Q

The (?) is always found on the individuals’ serum

A

opposite antibody

88
Q

 “naturally occurring”

A

ABO ANTIBODIES

89
Q

 Predominantly IgM

A

ABO ANTIBODIES

90
Q

 Activates complement

A

ABO ANTIBODIES

91
Q

 Reacts at room temperature or colder

A

ABO ANTIBODIES

92
Q

 Produce strong direct agglutination reactions during ABO testing

A

ABO ANTIBODIES

93
Q

ABO antibody production is initiated at birth, but titers are generally too low for detection until infants are (?) old

A

3 to 6 months

94
Q

Therefore, most antibodies found in cord blood serum are of (?).

A

maternal origin

95
Q

Results of serum ABO testing before (?) of age cannot be considered valid because some or all of the antibodies present may be IgG maternal antibodies that crossed the placenta.

A

3 to 6 months

96
Q

As a result, it is logical to perform only (?) on cord blood from newborn infants.

A

forward grouping

97
Q

Antibody production peaks when an individual is between (?) and declines later in life.

A

5 and 10 years of age

98
Q

ABO antibodies can cause (?) if the wrong ABO group is transfused, potentially resulting in patient death.

A

rapid intravascular hemolysis

99
Q

ABO antigens are widely distributed and are located on (?), (?) (adsorbed from plasma), (?) (adsorbed from plasma), most (?) and (?) cells, and organs such as the (?).

A

red cells
lymphocytes
platelets
epithelial
endothelial
kidneys

100
Q

ABO antigens are detectable at (?) in utero. A newborn possesses fewer antigen copies per red cell compared with an adult.

A

5 to 6 weeks

101
Q

In (?), ABO antigens have fewer numbers and partially developed antigen structures and may demonstrate weaker ABO phenotyping reactions.

A

cord blood samples

102
Q

Antigen development occurs slowly until the full expression of adult levels is reached at about (?).

A

2 to 4 years of age

103
Q

(?) is unique to the ABO blood group system.

A

Serum grouping

104
Q

Persist (?) unaltered.

A

throughout life

105
Q

A and B antigens develop from (?).

A

precursor H substance

106
Q

It has been postulated that (?), and other substances present in nature are chemically similar to A and B antigens.

A

bacteria, pollen particles

107
Q

(?) is unique to the ABO blood group system.

A

Serum grouping

108
Q

: seed extracts that agglutinate human cells with some degree of specificity.

A

Lectins

109
Q

Genotype Blood Group O

A

OO

110
Q

Genotype Blood Group A

A

AA, AO

111
Q

Genotype Blood Group B

A

BB, BO

112
Q

Genotype Blood Group AB

A

AB

113
Q

Antigen Blood Group O

A

NONE

114
Q

Antigen Blood Group A

A

A
Subgroups of A
Dolichos biflorus

115
Q

Antigen Blood Group B

A

B
Subgroups of B
Bandeiraea simplicifolia

116
Q

Antigen Blood Group AB

A

A, B,
very little
H

117
Q

Antibodies Blood Group O

A

anti-A, anti-B,
anti-AB

118
Q

Antibodies Blood Group A

A

anti-B

119
Q

Antibodies Blood Group B

A

anti-A

120
Q

Antibodies Blood Group AB

A

NONE

121
Q

A fundamental procedure of immunohematologic testing is the determination of the (?).

A

ABO phenotype

122
Q

Testing of the (?) for the presence of ABO antigens (or forward grouping)

A

red cells

123
Q

An (?) occurs when red cell testing does not agree with the expected serum testing.

A

ABO discrepancy

124
Q

Any discrepancy in ABO testing should be resolved before (?) or labeling of donor units.

A

transfusion of recipients

125
Q

(?) is the most frequently performed test in the blood bank.

A

ABO grouping

126
Q

Both(?) must be performed on all donors and patients.

A

ABO forward and reverse grouping tests

127
Q

Suspension of RBCs in saline solution + solution of known (?)

A

anti-A antiserum

128
Q

Suspension of RBCs in saline solution + solution of known (?)

A

anti-B antiserum

129
Q

Positive reaction:

A

Agglutination

130
Q

Negative reaction:

A

Absence of agglutination

131
Q

Front type

A

Forward grouping

132
Q

Defined as using known sources of commercial antisera (anti-A, anti-B) to detect antigens on an individuals’ RBCs.

A

Forward grouping

133
Q

Back type

A

Reverse grouping

134
Q

Defined as detecting ABO antibodies in the patient’s serum by using known reagent RBCs, namely A1 and B cells.

A

Reverse grouping

135
Q

Monoclonal antibody Highly specific IgM
Expected 3+ to 4+ reaction
Usually use 1 to 2 drops

A

Anti-A Reagent

136
Q

Monoclonal antibody Highly specific IgM
Expected 3+ to 4+ reaction
Usually use 1 to 2 drops

A

Anti-B Reagent

137
Q

Human Source 4-5%
Red cell suspension Expected 2+ to 4+ reaction
Usually use 1 drop

A

Reagent A1 and B cells

138
Q

Blood group O Anti-A

A

0

139
Q

Blood group O Anti-B

A

0

140
Q

Blood group O Antigen(s) on RBCs

A

No A or B Antigen

141
Q

Blood group O A1 cells

A

4+

142
Q

Blood group O B cells

A

4+

143
Q

Blood group O Antibody(ies) in serum

A

A & B

144
Q

Blood group A Anti-A

A

4+

145
Q

Blood group A Anti-B

A

0

146
Q

Blood group A Antigen(s) on RBCs

A

A

147
Q

Blood group A A1 cells

A

0

148
Q

Blood group A B cells

A

2+

149
Q

Blood group A Antibody(ies) in serum

A

B

150
Q

Blood group B Anti-A

A

0

151
Q

Blood group B Anti-B

A

4+

152
Q

Blood group B Antigen(s) on RBCs

A

B

153
Q

Blood group B A1 cells

A

3+

154
Q

Blood group B B cells

A

0

155
Q

Blood group B Antibody(ies) in serum

A

A

156
Q

Blood group AB Anti-A

A

3+

157
Q

Blood group AB Anti-B

A

3+

158
Q

Blood group AB Antigen(s) on RBCs

A

A & B

159
Q

Blood group AB A1 cells

A

0

160
Q

Blood group AB B cells

A

0

161
Q

Blood group AB Antibody(ies) in serum

A

No A & B antibodies

162
Q

In routine transfusion practices, donor products (?) with identical ABO phenotypes are usually available to the recipient.

A

RBCs and plasma

163
Q

This transfusion selection is referred to as providing (?) blood for the intended recipient.

A

ABOidentical (ABO group–specific)

164
Q

In situations where blood of identical ABO phenotype is unavailable, (?) blood may be issued to the
recipient.

A

ABO- compatible (ABO group–compatible)

165
Q

For RBC transfusions, ABO compatibility between the recipient and the donor is defined as the (?) between the ABO antibodies present in the recipient’s serum and the ABO antigens expressed on the donor’s red cells.

A

serologic compatibility

166
Q

When whole blood is transfused, (?) must be provided because both plasma and red cells are present in the product.

A

ABO-identical donor units

167
Q

When plasma products are transfused, the selection of an (?) is the ideal situation.

A

ABO- identical phenotype

168
Q

When identical ABO phenotypes are unavailable, the rationale for compatible plasma transfusions is the ?.

A

reverse of RBC transfusions

169
Q

Persons with group O red cells are called (?) because the RBC product lacks both A and B antigens and could be transfused to any ABO phenotype.

A

universal donors

170
Q

(?)can be used in times of urgency for emergency release of donor units.

A

Group O donor RBCs

171
Q

? are considered universal recipients because these individuals lack circulating ABO antibodies and can receive RBCs of any ABO phenotype.

A

Group AB recipients

172
Q

Universal donor for RBC transfusions is ?

A

group O

173
Q

universal donor for plasma transfusions is ?

A

group AB

174
Q

Universal recipient for RBC transfusions is ?

A

group AB

175
Q

universal recipient for plasma transfusions is ?

A

group O

176
Q

Group A Whole Blood

A

Group A

177
Q

Group A Red Blood Cells

A

A, O

178
Q

Group A Plasma

A

A, AB

179
Q

Group B Whole Blood

A

B

180
Q

Group B Red Blood Cells

A

B, O

181
Q

Group B Plasma

A

B, AB

182
Q

Group AB Whole Blood

A

AB

183
Q

Group AB Red Blood Cells

A

AB, A , B , O

184
Q

Group AB Plasma

A

AB

185
Q

Group O Whole Blood

A

O

186
Q

Group O Red Blood Cells

A

O

187
Q

Group O Plasma

A

O , A , B , AB

Immunohematology Lec (35 decks)

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