[3] CHAPTER II LESSON 1 Flashcards
1
Q
[?] must be performed on all donors and patients.
A
• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests
2
Q
• Most frequently performed test in the blood bank.
A
• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests
3
Q
• Most important of all blood groups in transfusion practice.
A
• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests
4
Q
• Naturally occurring antibodies
A
• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests
5
Q
• Only blood group system in which individuals have antibodies in their serum to antigens that are absent from their RBCs.
A
• ABO forward and reverse grouping tests
6
Q
Type A : [?] (surface) - [?] (plasma)
Type B : [?] (surface) - [?] (plasma)
Type AB : [?] (surface) - [?] (plasma)
Type O : [?] (surface) - [?] (plasma)
A
Type A : A antigen (surface) - Anti-B (plasma)
Type B : B antigen (surface) - Anti-A (plasma)
Type AB : A and B antigen (surface) - none (plasma)
Type O : none (surface) - Anti-A and Anti-B (plasma)
7
Q
Universal donor:
-Only true for only packed red cells due to what is in the plasma (to prevent adverse reaction)
-There will be a problem in the whole blood due to the presence of Abs
A
O
8
Q
Universal acceptor:
A
AB
9
Q
INHERITANCE OF THE ABO BLOOD GROUPS
• First described by [?] in 1924
A
Bernstein
10
Q
• The inheritance of ABO genes follows the
A
Mendelian. genetics.
11
Q
• ABO is [?] in expression
A
codominant
12
Q
• One position or locus, on each chromosome [?] is occupied by an [?].
A
9
A, B, or O gene
13
Q
• The O gene is considered an [?] (even if present, it is detectable)
A
amorph
14
Q
• The group O phenotype is an [?] with the inheritance of 2 0 genes.
A
autosomal recessive trait
15
Q
• The designations group [?] refer to phenotypes, whereas [?] denote genotypes.
A
A and B
AA, BO, and OO
16
Q
Phenotypes:
Genotypes:
A
Blood type A, Blood type B
AA, BO, OO
17
Q
Discovered the first human blood group system ABO
A
Karl Landsteiner
18
Q
He was inadvertently the first individual to perform forward and reverse grouping
A
Karl Landsteiner
19
Q
In a series of experiments designed to show serologic incompatibilities between humans, he recognized different patterns of agglutination when human blood samples were mixed in random pairings.
A
Karl Landsteiner
20
Q
He described the blood groups as A, B, and O.
A
Karl Landsteiner
21
Q
Several years later, Landsteiner’s associates, [?], added group AB to the original observations.
A
von Decastello and Sturli
22
Q
He noted the presence of agglutinating antibodies in the serum of individuals who lacked the corresponding ABO antigen.
A
Karl Landsteiner
23
Q
He observed that group A red cells agglutinated with the serum from group B individuals.
A
Karl Landsteiner
24
Q
Most frequent cause of death in FY 2015
A
- TRALI
- HTR (non-ABO)
- HTR (ABO)
- Contamination (Bacterial)
- TACO
- Allergy or Anaphylaxis
- Hypotensive Reaction
25
[?]remains a cause of death in hemolytic transfusion reaction fatalities reported to the FDA; however, [?] was the most frequent cause of death in FY 2015.
Transfusion of the wrong ABO group
TRALI
26
The transfusion of ABOincompatible blood to a recipient can result in [?] and other serious consequences of an [?]
intravascular hemolysis
acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
27
It has been postulated that [?], and other substances present in nature are chemically similar to A and B antigens.
bacteria, pollen particles
28
Antibody production in most other blood group systems requires the introduction of foreign RBCs by either [?], although some individuals can occasionally have antibodies present that are not related to the introduction of foreign RBCs.
transfusion or pregnancy
29
Performance of [?] is, therefore, unique to the ABO blood group system.
serum grouping
30
The frequency of the ABO blood groups differs among [?]
selected populations and ethnic groups
31
Phenotype O
Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Asian
32
Phenotype A
Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Asian
33
Phenotype B
Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Asian
34
Phenotype AB
Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Asian
35
*Hispanic includes
Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and other Hispanics.
36
**Asian includes
Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese
37
A1A1
A1
38
A1A2
A1
39
A1O
A1
40
A2A2
A2
41
A2O
A2
42
A1B
A1B
43
A2B
A2B
44
OO
O
45
BB
B
46
BO
B
47
Results from the interaction of genes at three separate loci
(ABO, Hh, and Se)
48
Produces specific [?] that add sugars to a basic precursor substance.
glycosyltransferases
49
A, B, H antigens are formed from the same basic precursor material
Paragloboside or glycan-
50
Specific enzyme transferases elicited by an inherited gene attach sugars to the
paragloboside/glycan.
51
- precursor structure on which A and B antigens are made
H antigen
52
Inheritance of the H gene results in the formation of the
H antigen.
53
The precursor substance on erythrocytes is referred to as
type 2.
54
A type 1 precursor substance refers to a beta 1-3 linkage between
galactose and Nacetylglucosamine
55
The substance (?) must be formed for the other sugars to be attached in response to an inherited A and/or B gene.
L-fucose
56
H (FUT1) Glycosyltransferase
α-2-L-fucosyltransferase
57
H (FUT1) Immunodominant Sugar
L-fucose
58
H (FUT1) Antigen
H
59
A Antigen
A
60
A Glycosyltransferase
α-3-Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase
61
A Immunodominant Sugar
N-acetyl-Dgalactosamine
62
B Glycosyltransferase
α-3-D-galactosyltransferase
63
B Immunodominant Sugar
D-galactose
64
B Antigen
B
65
AB Glycosyltransferase
α-3-Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase
α-3-D-galactosyltransferase
66
AB Immunodominant Sugar
N-acetyl-Dgalactosamine
D-galactose
67
AB Antigen
AB
68
can also be found in all body secretions.
ABH-soluble antigens
69
Their presence is dependent on the ABO genes inherited and on the inheritance of another set of genes called [?] that regulate their formation
Sese (secretor genes)
70
Secretor gene products of alleles at
ABO and Hh loci
71
If (?) is present, watery secretions contain water soluble subs.
Se gene
72
are secretors
SeSe or Sese individuals
73
are nonsecretors
sese individuals
74
ABH Antigens on RBCs
• RBC antigens can be
glycolipids, glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids.
75
ABH Antigens on RBCs
• RBC antigens are synthesized only on
type 2 precursor chains
76
ABH Antigens on RBCs
• Type 2 chain refers to a
beta 14 linkage.
77
ABH Antigens on RBCs
• The enzyme produced by the [?] acts primarily on type 2 chains, which are prevalent on the RBC membrane.
H (FUT1) gene
78
A, B and H Soluble Substances
• Secreted substances are
glycoproteins
79
A, B and H Soluble Substances
• Secreted substances are primarily synthesized on
type 1 precursor chains
80
A, B and H Soluble Substances
• Type 1 chains refers to a
beta 1-3 linkage.
81
A, B and H Soluble Substances
• The enzyme produced by the [?] preferentially acts on type 1 chains in secretory tissues.
Se (FUT 2) gene
82
Discovery of the first human blood group system
Karl Landsteiner
83
He was the first individual to perform forward and reverse grouping
Karl Landsteiner
84
: rule stating that normal, healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens absent from their red cells.
Landsteiner’s Laws
85
The (?) on the RBC determines the blood group
antigen
86
The (?) is never found in the individuals’ serum
corresponding antibody
87
The (?) is always found on the individuals’ serum
opposite antibody
88
“naturally occurring”
ABO ANTIBODIES
89
Predominantly IgM
ABO ANTIBODIES
90
Activates complement
ABO ANTIBODIES
91
Reacts at room temperature or colder
ABO ANTIBODIES
92
Produce strong direct agglutination reactions during ABO testing
ABO ANTIBODIES
93
ABO antibody production is initiated at birth, but titers are generally too low for detection until infants are (?) old
3 to 6 months
94
Therefore, most antibodies found in cord blood serum are of (?).
maternal origin
95
Results of serum ABO testing before (?) of age cannot be considered valid because some or all of the antibodies present may be IgG maternal antibodies that crossed the placenta.
3 to 6 months
96
As a result, it is logical to perform only (?) on cord blood from newborn infants.
forward grouping
97
Antibody production peaks when an individual is between (?) and declines later in life.
5 and 10 years of age
98
ABO antibodies can cause (?) if the wrong ABO group is transfused, potentially resulting in patient death.
rapid intravascular hemolysis
99
ABO antigens are widely distributed and are located on (?), (?) (adsorbed from plasma), (?) (adsorbed from plasma), most (?) and (?) cells, and organs such as the (?).
red cells
lymphocytes
platelets
epithelial
endothelial
kidneys
100
ABO antigens are detectable at (?) in utero. A newborn possesses fewer antigen copies per red cell compared with an adult.
5 to 6 weeks
101
In (?), ABO antigens have fewer numbers and partially developed antigen structures and may demonstrate weaker ABO phenotyping reactions.
cord blood samples
102
Antigen development occurs slowly until the full expression of adult levels is reached at about (?).
2 to 4 years of age
103
(?) is unique to the ABO blood group system.
Serum grouping
104
Persist (?) unaltered.
throughout life
105
A and B antigens develop from (?).
precursor H substance
106
It has been postulated that (?), and other substances present in nature are chemically similar to A and B antigens.
bacteria, pollen particles
107
(?) is unique to the ABO blood group system.
Serum grouping
108
: seed extracts that agglutinate human cells with some degree of specificity.
Lectins
109
Genotype Blood Group O
OO
110
Genotype Blood Group A
AA, AO
111
Genotype Blood Group B
BB, BO
112
Genotype Blood Group AB
AB
113
Antigen Blood Group O
NONE
114
Antigen Blood Group A
A
Subgroups of A
Dolichos biflorus
115
Antigen Blood Group B
B
Subgroups of B
Bandeiraea simplicifolia
116
Antigen Blood Group AB
A, B,
very little
H
117
Antibodies Blood Group O
anti-A, anti-B,
anti-AB
118
Antibodies Blood Group A
anti-B
119
Antibodies Blood Group B
anti-A
120
Antibodies Blood Group AB
NONE
121
A fundamental procedure of immunohematologic testing is the determination of the (?).
ABO phenotype
122
Testing of the (?) for the presence of ABO antigens (or forward grouping)
red cells
123
An (?) occurs when red cell testing does not agree with the expected serum testing.
ABO discrepancy
124
Any discrepancy in ABO testing should be resolved before (?) or labeling of donor units.
transfusion of recipients
125
(?) is the most frequently performed test in the blood bank.
ABO grouping
126
Both(?) must be performed on all donors and patients.
ABO forward and reverse grouping tests
127
Suspension of RBCs in saline solution + solution of known (?)
anti-A antiserum
128
Suspension of RBCs in saline solution + solution of known (?)
anti-B antiserum
129
Positive reaction:
Agglutination
130
Negative reaction:
Absence of agglutination
131
Front type
Forward grouping
132
Defined as using known sources of commercial antisera (anti-A, anti-B) to detect antigens on an individuals’ RBCs.
Forward grouping
133
Back type
Reverse grouping
134
Defined as detecting ABO antibodies in the patient’s serum by using known reagent RBCs, namely A1 and B cells.
Reverse grouping
135
Monoclonal antibody Highly specific IgM
Expected 3+ to 4+ reaction
Usually use 1 to 2 drops
Anti-A Reagent
136
Monoclonal antibody Highly specific IgM
Expected 3+ to 4+ reaction
Usually use 1 to 2 drops
Anti-B Reagent
137
Human Source 4-5%
Red cell suspension Expected 2+ to 4+ reaction
Usually use 1 drop
Reagent A1 and B cells
138
Blood group O Anti-A
0
139
Blood group O Anti-B
0
140
Blood group O Antigen(s) on RBCs
No A or B Antigen
141
Blood group O A1 cells
4+
142
Blood group O B cells
4+
143
Blood group O Antibody(ies) in serum
A & B
144
Blood group A Anti-A
4+
145
Blood group A Anti-B
0
146
Blood group A Antigen(s) on RBCs
A
147
Blood group A A1 cells
0
148
Blood group A B cells
2+
149
Blood group A Antibody(ies) in serum
B
150
Blood group B Anti-A
0
151
Blood group B Anti-B
4+
152
Blood group B Antigen(s) on RBCs
B
153
Blood group B A1 cells
3+
154
Blood group B B cells
0
155
Blood group B Antibody(ies) in serum
A
156
Blood group AB Anti-A
3+
157
Blood group AB Anti-B
3+
158
Blood group AB Antigen(s) on RBCs
A & B
159
Blood group AB A1 cells
0
160
Blood group AB B cells
0
161
Blood group AB Antibody(ies) in serum
No A & B antibodies
162
In routine transfusion practices, donor products (?) with identical ABO phenotypes are usually available to the recipient.
RBCs and plasma
163
This transfusion selection is referred to as providing (?) blood for the intended recipient.
ABOidentical (ABO group–specific)
164
In situations where blood of identical ABO phenotype is unavailable, (?) blood may be issued to the
recipient.
ABO- compatible (ABO group–compatible)
165
For RBC transfusions, ABO compatibility between the recipient and the donor is defined as the (?) between the ABO antibodies present in the recipient’s serum and the ABO antigens expressed on the donor’s red cells.
serologic compatibility
166
When whole blood is transfused, (?) must be provided because both plasma and red cells are present in the product.
ABO-identical donor units
167
When plasma products are transfused, the selection of an (?) is the ideal situation.
ABO- identical phenotype
168
When identical ABO phenotypes are unavailable, the rationale for compatible plasma transfusions is the ?.
reverse of RBC transfusions
169
Persons with group O red cells are called (?) because the RBC product lacks both A and B antigens and could be transfused to any ABO phenotype.
universal donors
170
(?)can be used in times of urgency for emergency release of donor units.
Group O donor RBCs
171
? are considered universal recipients because these individuals lack circulating ABO antibodies and can receive RBCs of any ABO phenotype.
Group AB recipients
172
Universal donor for RBC transfusions is ?
group O
173
universal donor for plasma transfusions is ?
group AB
174
Universal recipient for RBC transfusions is ?
group AB
175
universal recipient for plasma transfusions is ?
group O
176
Group A Whole Blood
Group A
177
Group A Red Blood Cells
A, O
178
Group A Plasma
A, AB
179
Group B Whole Blood
B
180
Group B Red Blood Cells
B, O
181
Group B Plasma
B, AB
182
Group AB Whole Blood
AB
183
Group AB Red Blood Cells
AB, A , B , O
184
Group AB Plasma
AB
185
Group O Whole Blood
O
186
Group O Red Blood Cells
O
187
Group O Plasma
O , A , B , AB
