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Semester 2 Immunology > Lesson 1 Immuno > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 R’s of immune system function?

A

Recognize: intruders (i.e. viruses, bacteria, parasites)
Respond: neutralize threat
Remember: quick response in future encounters

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2
Q

Foreign proteins that stimulate an immune response

A

Antigen (Ag)

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3
Q

Something that is very antigenic, causes a very robust response.

A

Immunogen

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4
Q

Immuno-reactive protein made in response to exposure to foreign Ag. (magic bullets that locate and attach to target)

A

Antibody (Ab)

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5
Q

Disease causing microorganism.

A

Pathogen

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6
Q

This type of Lymphocytes make antibodies specific to each Ag. Termed Ab-mediated immunity

A

B-lymphocytes

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7
Q

Lymphocytes are a type of _____ blood cell.

A

White

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8
Q

B-lymphocytes make _________ specific to each Ag.

A

antibodies

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9
Q

____________Cytotoxic lymphocytes, and helper cells attack infected/mutant/foreign cells (CD-8) and regulate immune response (CD-4)

A

T-lymphocytes

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10
Q

What is the traffic cop? what does it do exactly?

A

T-helper Lymphocytes
regulate immune response (CD-4)
CD-4 counts used to regulate damage done by HIV

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11
Q

Cells that kill and eat.

A

Phagocytes

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12
Q

Cell that ingests pathogens and cellular debris and presents antigens to Th-cells. (They eat and activate the immune system)

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

__________ ingests pathogens and cellular debris, but do not present antigens to Th-cells. (They eat and kill themselves)

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

_________ activates specific immunity

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

Tcells graduate from the _______.

A

Thymus

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16
Q

B-cells graduate from the ____________.

A

Bone Marrow

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17
Q

__________ are a battle ground of different immune cells. swell when you have an infection.

A

Lymph nodes

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18
Q

What are the 3 levels of defense?

A

1st line: non-specific- barriers (skin, mucus, HCl)
2nd line: non-specific- cellular (phagocytes, inflammation, complement, fever, innate immunity)
3rd line: specific- immunity (antibodies, B-cells, T-cells, phagocytosis, complement)

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19
Q

________ is non specific and is hot red swollen.

A

Inflammation

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20
Q

___________ punches holes in things it wants to kill. (big mac attack)

A

complement cascade

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21
Q

Is phagocytosis, and complement a part of innate immune system, acquired immunity or both?

A

both!

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22
Q

__________ is something you are born with it, is in on position constantly, is NON-SPECIFIC. Acts early in immune response. No MEMORY produced.

A

Innate immune system

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23
Q

______________ is very SPECIFIC, will remember organism, not always on (inducible), shows MEMORY. Self tolerance (recognizes and protects self).

A

Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

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24
Q

True/False: Neutrophils play both sides of the fence. Macrophages do not play both sides of the fence (fence being adaptive and innate immunity.)

A

False: Neutrophils are NON-SPECIFIC and DO NOT activate immune system
Macrophages DO activate immune system both sides

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25
Q

What is the first-line of defense?

A

Barriers!
Skin, mucous membranes, secretions of skin.
Digestive
Respiratory

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26
Q

True/False: Skin can be a physical and chemical barrier.

A

True!

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27
Q

Tears contain bacteriolytic agent called ________.

A

Lysozyme

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28
Q

Sweat contains bacteriocidal agent called

A

dermicidin

29
Q

4 characteristics of adaptive immunity:

A

SPECIFIC
INDUCIBLE
MEMORY
SELF-TOLERANCE

30
Q

Walls fend off and White blood cells clean house.

A

Inflammation

31
Q

Macrophages activate _________.

A

immunity

32
Q

__________ coat invaders and attract phagocytes, plays specific (classical) and non-specific (non-specific).

A

Complement proteins

33
Q

_________ can enhance complement

A

Antibodies

34
Q

What are the 5 steps of inflammation?

A

Initial phagocytosis
Capillaries dilate and become more permeable
-histamines released from mast cells
Foreign matter contained
More leukocytes migrate to area
Leukocytes clear infection

35
Q

_________ makes cells get big and makes them leak, comes from mast cells and basophils.

A

Histamine

36
Q

True/False: Leukocytes are macrophages and neutrophils.

A

True

37
Q

What are the 4 hallmarks of inflammation?

A 
Histamine causes vasodilation and capillary leakage.
Redness (Rubor)
Heat (calor)
Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolor)
38
Q

Cytokines cause cells to migrate from blood to tissues.

A

Chemotaxis

39
Q

Rapid response cells (arrive within 1 hr), also called segs.

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

Cells that arrive within 10 hrs and migrate to tissues.

A

Macrophages

41
Q

_________ travel to bone marrow, and stimulate production of leukocytes 4-5 times when there is trauma or infection.

A

Cytokines

42
Q

Where are WBC’s stored?

A

stuck to vessel walls and in the spleen

43
Q

Hypothalamus- fever are mediated through what?

Pge is what?

A

prostaglandins

Fever

44
Q

What is used to track inflammation?

A

CRP (C reactive protein, binds to bacteria and increases ingestion)

45
Q

This causes fever and mobilization of the metabolites of shock.

A

TNF-alpha

46
Q

What causes fever and acute phased proteins to release from the liver?

A

IL-6

47
Q

This is part of the clotting cascade, forms networks to capture things. ESR (Erythrocyte sediment rate)

A

Fibrinogen

48
Q

What are the 2 things that can track amounts of inflammation?

A

CRP and ESR

49
Q

Complement pokes holes in bacteria via membrane attack complex called _________.

A

MAC attack

50
Q

_________ tells white blood cells where to go. (scent trail for phagocytes)

A

chemotaxis

51
Q

_______ coats pathogen to enhance phagocytosis. INcrease eating

A

Opsinization

52
Q

Immune system is characterized by what 4 things?

What are the key players?

A 
SPECIFIC (lock and key)
INDUCIBLE and DIVERSITY
MEMORY
SELF TOLERANT
players: macrophages, and Lymphocytes (T-cells B-cells)
53
Q

What is the traffic cop?

A

T-cells

54
Q

What are the helper cells? They activate B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages

A

CD4

55
Q

Professional antigen-presenting cells.
They engulf and digest bacteria.
EAT NON SPECIFIC

A

Macrophages

56
Q

Macrophages also trigger _________ response.

A

Immune

57
Q

What are some examples of immunologically protected sites?

A

Eyes, brain

58
Q

Every blood cell is formed where? (Important)

A

Bone marrow

59
Q

What cells kill cells that look different?

A

CD8

60
Q

Name something in each class of…
just required immunity?
Both required and innate?
and just innate?

A 
Lymphocyte= required immunity 
Macrophage= both
Neutrophil= innate
61
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A

Neutralize and agglutinate antigens
ID specific invaders for phagocytosis
Activates complement

62
Q

Part of early immune response, but it cannot cross the placenta.

A

IgM, (massive M, snowflake)

63
Q

____ and ____ activate complement.

A

IgG and IgM

64
Q

If antibodies are about becoming more and more specific, which antibody is least specific?

A

IgM

65
Q

Which antibody is very specific and is secondary immune response? Crosses the placenta to protect the baby?

A

IgG

66
Q

Placenta has an antibody receptor on it, what antibody is that receptor specific to? (Important)

A

IgG

FcGamma

67
Q

I think you may have been infected with hepatitis A, I want to know if it was recent or a long time ago, which antibody would we use?

A

IgM, acute infection if it is recent

68
Q

This antibody is an anti-parasitic and is associated with allergies. Allergy or infected with worms.

A

IgE

69
Q

What antibody crosses surfaces and is mucosal?

A

IgA

Semester 2 Immunology (17 decks)

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