Lesson 1 Immuno Flashcards
What are the 3 R’s of immune system function?
Recognize: intruders (i.e. viruses, bacteria, parasites)
Respond: neutralize threat
Remember: quick response in future encounters
Foreign proteins that stimulate an immune response
Antigen (Ag)
Something that is very antigenic, causes a very robust response.
Immunogen
Immuno-reactive protein made in response to exposure to foreign Ag. (magic bullets that locate and attach to target)
Antibody (Ab)
Disease causing microorganism.
Pathogen
This type of Lymphocytes make antibodies specific to each Ag. Termed Ab-mediated immunity
B-lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are a type of _____ blood cell.
White
B-lymphocytes make _________ specific to each Ag.
antibodies
____________Cytotoxic lymphocytes, and helper cells attack infected/mutant/foreign cells (CD-8) and regulate immune response (CD-4)
T-lymphocytes
What is the traffic cop? what does it do exactly?
T-helper Lymphocytes
regulate immune response (CD-4)
CD-4 counts used to regulate damage done by HIV
Cells that kill and eat.
Phagocytes
Cell that ingests pathogens and cellular debris and presents antigens to Th-cells. (They eat and activate the immune system)
Macrophages
__________ ingests pathogens and cellular debris, but do not present antigens to Th-cells. (They eat and kill themselves)
Neutrophils
_________ activates specific immunity
Macrophages
Tcells graduate from the _______.
Thymus
B-cells graduate from the ____________.
Bone Marrow
__________ are a battle ground of different immune cells. swell when you have an infection.
Lymph nodes
What are the 3 levels of defense?
1st line: non-specific- barriers (skin, mucus, HCl)
2nd line: non-specific- cellular (phagocytes, inflammation, complement, fever, innate immunity)
3rd line: specific- immunity (antibodies, B-cells, T-cells, phagocytosis, complement)
________ is non specific and is hot red swollen.
Inflammation
___________ punches holes in things it wants to kill. (big mac attack)
complement cascade
Is phagocytosis, and complement a part of innate immune system, acquired immunity or both?
both!
__________ is something you are born with it, is in on position constantly, is NON-SPECIFIC. Acts early in immune response. No MEMORY produced.
Innate immune system
______________ is very SPECIFIC, will remember organism, not always on (inducible), shows MEMORY. Self tolerance (recognizes and protects self).
Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
True/False: Neutrophils play both sides of the fence. Macrophages do not play both sides of the fence (fence being adaptive and innate immunity.)
False: Neutrophils are NON-SPECIFIC and DO NOT activate immune system
Macrophages DO activate immune system both sides
What is the first-line of defense?
Barriers!
Skin, mucous membranes, secretions of skin.
Digestive
Respiratory
True/False: Skin can be a physical and chemical barrier.
True!
Tears contain bacteriolytic agent called ________.
Lysozyme
Sweat contains bacteriocidal agent called
dermicidin
4 characteristics of adaptive immunity:
SPECIFIC
INDUCIBLE
MEMORY
SELF-TOLERANCE
Walls fend off and White blood cells clean house.
Inflammation
Macrophages activate _________.
immunity
__________ coat invaders and attract phagocytes, plays specific (classical) and non-specific (non-specific).
Complement proteins
_________ can enhance complement
Antibodies
What are the 5 steps of inflammation?
Initial phagocytosis
Capillaries dilate and become more permeable
-histamines released from mast cells
Foreign matter contained
More leukocytes migrate to area
Leukocytes clear infection
_________ makes cells get big and makes them leak, comes from mast cells and basophils.
Histamine
True/False: Leukocytes are macrophages and neutrophils.
True
What are the 4 hallmarks of inflammation?
Histamine causes vasodilation and capillary leakage. Redness (Rubor) Heat (calor) Swelling (tumor) Pain (dolor)
Cytokines cause cells to migrate from blood to tissues.
Chemotaxis
Rapid response cells (arrive within 1 hr), also called segs.
Neutrophils
Cells that arrive within 10 hrs and migrate to tissues.
Macrophages
_________ travel to bone marrow, and stimulate production of leukocytes 4-5 times when there is trauma or infection.
Cytokines
Where are WBC’s stored?
stuck to vessel walls and in the spleen
Hypothalamus- fever are mediated through what?
Pge is what?
prostaglandins
Fever
What is used to track inflammation?
CRP (C reactive protein, binds to bacteria and increases ingestion)
This causes fever and mobilization of the metabolites of shock.
TNF-alpha
What causes fever and acute phased proteins to release from the liver?
IL-6
This is part of the clotting cascade, forms networks to capture things. ESR (Erythrocyte sediment rate)
Fibrinogen
What are the 2 things that can track amounts of inflammation?
CRP and ESR
Complement pokes holes in bacteria via membrane attack complex called _________.
MAC attack
_________ tells white blood cells where to go. (scent trail for phagocytes)
chemotaxis
_______ coats pathogen to enhance phagocytosis. INcrease eating
Opsinization
Immune system is characterized by what 4 things?
What are the key players?
SPECIFIC (lock and key) INDUCIBLE and DIVERSITY MEMORY SELF TOLERANT players: macrophages, and Lymphocytes (T-cells B-cells)
What is the traffic cop?
T-cells
What are the helper cells? They activate B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages
CD4
Professional antigen-presenting cells.
They engulf and digest bacteria.
EAT NON SPECIFIC
Macrophages
Macrophages also trigger _________ response.
Immune
What are some examples of immunologically protected sites?
Eyes, brain
Every blood cell is formed where? (Important)
Bone marrow
What cells kill cells that look different?
CD8
Name something in each class of…
just required immunity?
Both required and innate?
and just innate?
Lymphocyte= required immunity Macrophage= both Neutrophil= innate
What is the function of antibodies?
Neutralize and agglutinate antigens
ID specific invaders for phagocytosis
Activates complement
Part of early immune response, but it cannot cross the placenta.
IgM, (massive M, snowflake)
____ and ____ activate complement.
IgG and IgM
If antibodies are about becoming more and more specific, which antibody is least specific?
IgM
Which antibody is very specific and is secondary immune response? Crosses the placenta to protect the baby?
IgG
Placenta has an antibody receptor on it, what antibody is that receptor specific to? (Important)
IgG
FcGamma
I think you may have been infected with hepatitis A, I want to know if it was recent or a long time ago, which antibody would we use?
IgM, acute infection if it is recent
This antibody is an anti-parasitic and is associated with allergies. Allergy or infected with worms.
IgE
What antibody crosses surfaces and is mucosal?
IgA
