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Semester 2 Immunology > Infectious diseases B7 > Flashcards

Infectious diseases B7 Flashcards

1
Q

1/4 of patients with AIDS will develop what?

A

CMB retinitis

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2
Q

What is #1 infectious disease related cause of blindness?

A

Trachoma! (important)
caused by chlamidya trachomatis (sp?)
Chlamidya trachomatis A B and C

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3
Q

Presence of microbe on or in the body

A

Colonization

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4
Q

Is infection required for bacterial-related disease?

A

NO

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5
Q

True/False: A virus that infects your eye may have trouble infecting other parts of your body

A

True

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6
Q

Non living infectious particles

A

Viruses

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7
Q

Pathogen present in diseased animal
Pathogen isolated and grown in culture
INoculation of healthy animal with isolated pathogen causes disease

A

Koch’s postulates

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8
Q

What are some exceptions to Koch’s postulates?

A

we tend not to do this to people (we recover pathogen, or see evidence that a person is infected)

  • difficulty isolating the virus
  • ethical probs
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9
Q

True/False: An STD can affect the eye.

A

True

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10
Q

True/False: The inner part of the eye is sterile.

A

True

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11
Q

What are some sterile body sites?

A 
Blood
CSF
Pleural fluid
Tissues
Lower respiratory tract
Bladder
Inner part of eye
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12
Q

What are some non-sterile body sites?

A

Eye/Mouth/Nose/Upper respiratory
Skin
Gastrointestinal tract (GI)
Urethra

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13
Q

If we find coagulase negative staphloccocus in a patient what do we consider?

A

assumed it is a contaminant until we have proved that it is a pathogen

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14
Q

Have a healthy dose of doubt about the gram stain you are sent. (FYI)

A

Use it as a clue but don’t take it to the bank. After the culture is old it gets hard to read

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15
Q

Wet preparations include what?

A

KOH dissolves protein tissue, doesn’t work on fungal wall.

Calcoflour white: fungi turns it fluorescent

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16
Q

Most common lab diagnostic stain used for bacteria?

A

Gram stain

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17
Q

Acid fast stain is for TB, what names are there for it

A

Ziehl-Neelsen or (Kinyoun)

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18
Q

Blood smear for white blood cell, epithelial inclusion bodies, protozoans. Can stain icanthomoeaba…

A

Wright-Giemsa stain can stain it in your eye

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19
Q

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

A

10% KOH Dissolves keratin but DOES NOT DISSOLVE FUNGI CELL WALL (IMPORTANT)

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20
Q

Calcoflour white (CWF)

A

10% KOH and CWF dissolves tissue (KOH) and binds to chitin in fungal wall (fungi appear bright white)

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21
Q

Gram stain process

A

Put sample on slide
Heat fixed to seal organisms on the slide
Flood slide with crystal violet stain
Iodine- (yellos, mordant, seals bacterial cell wall, seals thick walls well, but doesn’t seal thin walls)
Between every stage wash with water
Then use alcohol for decolorization
Then use safranin to Counter stain

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22
Q

Gram stain which colors are positive and negative?

A 
Purple= Gram positive
Red= Gram negative
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23
Q

Thick peptidoglycan is what kind of grain stain?

A

Gram positive (purple/blue)

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24
Q

Thin peptidoglycan is what kind of grain stain?

A

Gram negative (Red)

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25
Q

ETOH can wash away crystal violet safranin counterstains in _______________.

A

thin peptidoglycan

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26
Q

Spheres are called what?

Rods are called what?

A

COCCI

BACILLI

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27
Q

All cocci are what?

A

Gram positive!! (except Neisseria and Morazxella, both can be in eye)

28
Q

Vast majority of pathogens are what?

A

gram-negative rods

29
Q

If you are debating whether a bacteria microbe is cocci or bacillus and it is small what is it likely?

A

likely a bacillus because Cocci are big

30
Q

Pair of spheres

A

Diplococcus

31
Q

Chains of spheres

A

Streptococcus

32
Q

Clusters of spheres

A

Staphylococcus

33
Q

All gram positive rods are ____.

A

big

34
Q

True/False: Gram positive rods can be coccobaccili.

A

True

35
Q

Spiral has 3 forms what are they?

A

Vibrio: coma shapped
Spirochetes: thin walled helical, w/o flagella
Syphillis is a spiral rod, won’t see it on gram stain… (CANNOT SEE SYPHYLIS ON GRAM STAIN) Treponema pallidum

36
Q

If you test negative for disease, and you dilute it out and repeat it and its positive, it could be what?

A

Prozone

37
Q

Gram stain red means what?

Acid fast stain red means what?

A 
Gram stain= positive
Acid fast= negative
(use acid alcohol to have a very rough acid to strip out and damage cell wall except for acid fast cells)
Use carbolfuschin
Used on mycobacterium tuberculosis
38
Q

Gram stain red means what?

Acid fast stain red means what?

A 
Gram stain= negative
Acid fast= positive
(use acid alcohol to have a very rough acid to strip out and damage cell wall except for acid fast cells, because of lipid)
Use carbolfuschin
Used on mycobacterium tuberculosis
39
Q

Chlamydia producess intracellular pockets called ______________.

A

inclusion bodies (FRIED EGG LOOK)
KNOW IF Chlamydia positive or chlamydia negative from stains.
-Chlamydia are obligate and intracellular
-Seen with wright giemsa stain and also seen with iodine stain

40
Q

A person who has shingles has to have had what?

A

chicken pox
Vericella zoster follows dermatome
-bad things happen if get into eye

41
Q

What is a problem with cultures?

A

Positive cultures generally more meaningful than negative cultures
-Neg may be false neg, positive may be contaminant

42
Q

What are two unculturable bacteria?

A

chlamydia, syphilis

43
Q

How is chlamydia virus like? (important)

A

Intracellular (can see it with inclusion bodies)

44
Q

If coagulase negative staph what is it probably?

A

Probably contaminant (know it)

45
Q

What agar supports a broad range of bacteria?
What agar contains extra growth nutrients?
What agar contains substances that prevent growth of some but not others
What agar gives visual clues to identification?

A

General
Enriched
Selective
Differential

46
Q

IF i want to identify acid fast, what agar?

If i want to identify fungi, what agar?

A

Lowenstein Jensen’s Agar

Sabouraud’s dextrose agar

47
Q

Agar used for bacteria, IS DIFFERENTIAL and will show you homolysis.

A

Blood Agar

48
Q

Overcooked blood agar, doesn’t show homolysis, for Haemophilus and Neisseria.

A

Chocolate agar, fastidious bacteria

49
Q

What only grows Neisseria?

A

Thayer-Martin

50
Q

This agar grows gram negative rods, but not all of them.

A

MacConkey Agar

51
Q

What agar grows staphylococci? Won’t grow strep?

A

Mannitol salt

52
Q

What agar rules out TB?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

53
Q

What grows fungi?

A

Sabouraud Agar

54
Q

What is an example of most common coagulase negative staph?

A

Staph epidermidis (USUALLY CONTAMINANT) very common skin contaminant

55
Q

Do not clean arm for blood cultures with what? we instead use what?

A

Dont use alcohol

Use ETOH because it can cause contaminant of coagulase negative staph. (important)

56
Q

Why do you try to minimize exposure to air with wound cultures?

A

Wound cultures often have anaerobes (cannot tolerate oxygen).

57
Q

_________ is caused by chlamydia in the conjunctiva causing scaring and affecting the eyelids, the eye lids then lay on the cornea (entropia) which can scar the cornea.

A

Trachoma

58
Q

OBJ!
Developed countries: whats the leading cause of death?
Developing countries: whats the leading cause of death?

A

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Lower respiratory infection (LRI)

59
Q

Bacteria is being __________ where the broth is clear. Minimal drug used to kill the bacteria is __.

A

inhibited

1

60
Q

MIC is what?

MBC is what?

A

NO visible growth

MBC is dead (MBC not usually given from hospitals, and can never be more than MIC)

61
Q

This probes for antigen with a single labeled antibody

A

Direct ELISA

62
Q

This probes for antibody to an antigen… labeled antibody binds to an unlabeled antibody.

A

Indirect ELISA

63
Q

Antigen is “sandwiched between 2 antibodies.

A

Sandwich ELISA (most common)

64
Q

Best liver test?

A

ALT

65
Q

Kidney function test?

A

BUN and Creatinine

Semester 2 Immunology (17 decks)

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