Innate

Question 1

Explain innate immunity and adaptive immunity. as far as lag period, what they target, memory, and tolerance

Answer 1

Innate= 
     -Natural/Inborn
     -No lag period
     -Targets microbes
     -No memory (same response every time)
     -Self- tolerant
Adaptive immunity=
     -Acquired/adaptive
     -Has lag period
     -Targets antigens
     -Develops memory
     -Self-tolerant

Question 2

Powerful early defense mechanism. Barriers prevent entry of viable microbes

Answer 2

Innate immunity

Question 3

Do neutrophils activate immune system?

Answer 3

no, eat and kill only

Question 4

Phagocytes target _______ structures.

Answer 4

microbial structures

Question 5

Two most abundant white blood cells are what?

Answer 5

Neutrophils and lymphocytes

Question 6

What is the first at the site of infection/injury? what do they do?

Answer 6

Neutrophil

eat and self destruct

Question 7

Macrophages are where?

Answer 7

in blood as monocytes then become macrophages in the tissue (Gi, lung, liver, spleen)

Question 8

Macrophages do what?

Answer 8

eat,digest, present microbial antigen to other immune cells

produce cytokines/chemokines (initiate inflammation)

Question 9

__________________ are shared by gram negative rods.

Answer 9

Lipopolysaccharides.

Question 10

Which Toll-like receptor recognizes LPS? Important

Answer 10

TLR-4

Question 11

Pathogen associated molecular patterns are ______ associated. (PAMP)

Answer 11

microbe

Question 12

Ultimately there are lots of things activated, whatever is there gets ingested and killed, what does the killing? (IMPORTANT)

Answer 12

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nitrous oxide (NO) kill the microbes.

Question 13

Phagocytes home in on scent of _______. PMNs placed near _______ charge out like a “posse” after bad guys

Answer 13

bacteria

bacteria

Question 14

After ingestion by macrophage it kills the organism via _______________.

Answer 14

oxidative burst

Question 15

Complement does what?

Answer 15

Lyse bacteria and some viruses
Initiate inflammation- stimulate histamine
Recruit phagocytic cells- chemotaxis
Opsonin- enhances phagocytosis

Question 16

What are the 3 complement pathways?

Answer 16

complement is innate when under alternative pathway or lectin pathway.
complement is also adaptive! Through the Classical pathway is triggered by antibodies.

Question 17

What are the two main proinflammatory cytokines we need to know (they both cause fever)? (important)

Answer 17

TNF-alpha and IL-6

Question 18

Which cytokine can cause shock?

Answer 18

TNF-alpha

Question 19

What cytokine causes the Liver to produce acute phased proteins? (IMPORTANT)

Answer 19

IL-6

Question 20

What is a blood biomarker of inflammation? (Very sensitive marker of inflammation)

Answer 20

C reactive Protein (CRP)

Question 21

What is an acute phased inflammation test influenced by fibrinogen?

Answer 21

Erythrocyte Sediment rate (ESR )