Lectures 16-17 Flashcards
Why does gene expression need to be controlled?
What is the main way genes are regulated? What are housekeeping genes? What are regulated genes?
Regulation of gene expression in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes requires what 2 general categories of regulators? What are examples of each?
Single genes produce what kind of mRNAs? Operons produce what kind?
Why study operons?
In E. coli what is the preferred carbon source? Genes for metabolizing other sugars are only present when?
What does the lac operon in E. Coli have genes that encode for? What is the expression of the lac operon controlled by? When is the lac operon fully expressed?
What are the major differences in gene regulation from prokaryotes to eukaryotes?
What experience chromosome inactivation and chromosome compensation?
What is DNA methylation? What is a DNMT? What are methylated cytosines responsible for? Where does it alter the structure of cytosines?
What is chromatin remodeling and how does it work? Are chromatin remodelers repressors or activators of genes?
Describe what histone acetylation/deacetylation does.
When does the highest level of transcription occur?
Where do enhancers and silencers act?
Activator proteins have what 2 domains? Where do they act?
What are the 3 ways repressor proteins prevent transcription?
Micro RNAs do what? How do RNAi’s silence genes?
What is siRNA therapy? What disease is it used to treat? How many drugs are approved by the FDA?
How is translation regulated? How do cells respond to stress? What is eIF2? What does it do?
What are some modifications made post-transcriptionally? What are chaperone proteins? What are the fates of misfolded proteins?
What are disulfide bridges? What do they link/ are they reversible? What are PDIs\ where are they found? What is protein cleavage? What do they produce? Are cleavage reactions reversible?
What are some protein chemical modifications? When do they occur?
What is phosphorylation? What do phosphatases do? What is acetylation? What is methylation?
What does hydroxylation do? What is it catalyzed by? What is lipidation? What does lipidation do?
What does GPI anchoring do? What does glycoslyation do?
What is protein targeting in eukaryotes? How is it accomplished? What are the 6 steps? Proteins going where are translated in the ER? Proteins going where are completely translated in the cytoplasm?
What happens when proteins within the cell are no longer needed? Lysosomes degrade proteins from where? The proteasome degrades proteins from where and how?
What are the steps in degrading a protein by the proteasome? How is Ubiquitin involved? What is Von Hippel-Lindau Disease? What is Bortezomib?
