Lecture 21

Question 1

Explain the steps to the biosynthesis of insulin. What is the primary function of pancreatic beta cells?

Answer 1

Question 2

Explain the blood glucose and I/G ratio. What is the endocrine pancreas composed of? What do insulin and glucagon control?

Answer 2

Question 3

Explain the portions of the pancreas and what they do. What cell is most abundant in the pancreas and where is it found? What is responsible for hormonal secretion? Glucagon and insulin are ______.

Answer 3

Question 4

Biosynthesis of insulin in b-cells: Where is insulin in high concentration? Describe the disassembly of multimers? What kind of insulin is present in secretory granules?

Answer 4

Question 5

Explain the steps of the biosynthesis of glucagon. The gut/ brain contain what kind of glucagon?

Answer 5

Question 6

Describe incretin hormones and GLP-1.

Answer 6

Question 7

Explain the details of the mechanism of insulin secretion, including the role of sulfonylureas.

Answer 7

Question 8

Describe the turnover rate of insulin and glucagon, and the clinical use of C-peptide.

Answer 8

Question 9

Explain the different signals that stimulate/inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion. What hormones oppose the actions of insulin? What effect does neural input have on insulin/ glucagon?

Answer 9

Question 10

Describe the features of insulin and glucagon receptors (type, location).

Answer 10

Question 11

Explain the metabolic effects of insulin and glucagon on glucose homeostasis (GLUT-4) and energy metabolism (macromolecules synthesis/breakdown and sources of energy). Where is GLUT4 expressed?

Answer 11

Question 12

Explain the insulin dependent/independent mobilization of GLUT-4, and the role of AMPK. What is the fuel gauge of the cell? AMPK increases activity of ________

Answer 12

Question 13

What are the overall metabolic actions of insulin and glucagon?

Answer 13