Lectures 1-3 Flashcards
What is the main way our normal flora protects us from frank pathogens?
They outcompete the pathogens for seats in the class!
Are viruses considered “normal flora”?
NO
What do these microbe detecting methods have in common: Direct Microscopic Visualization, Cultivation and Identification, Detection of microbial antigens, and Detection of microbial RNA or DNA?
they are all “DIRECT” methods of identifying microbes
What is the detection of the host immune response and example of when categorizing ID methods?
“IN-DIRECT” identification (eg. ELISA test for viruses)
REVIEW:What type of test would be run to identify mycobacteria? What are the two main examples of Mycobacteria?
Acid-Fast Stain…TB and Lepracy k
What procedure is used to look at bacterial capsules?
India Ink
What do I use a KOH Prep to look for?
FUNGI…it kills all human and bacterial cells, but Fungi are resistant
Which visualization method uses fluorescence using antibodies/tissue/heme?
FIT-C Serology
Which ID method determines genes unique to a species?
PCR
Which medium will provide growth for ANY kind of microbe?
Enriched Media
Which medium are we looking to grow a specific kind of bacteria?
a Selective Medium
What are the three main characteristics we are looking for under the microscope?
Size, shape, arrangement
What are the three major life-forms found on earth?
Bacteria, Archea (“R-Key”), and Eukaryote
What are the three Eukaryotic microbes?
Helminths, Protozoa, and Fungi
Which helminth is the roundworm (earthworm-like, visible by naked eye)?
AS-CAR-IS
Which helminth is the PINWORM? (Can use tape on the butt hole to see it =O )
Entero-Bi-Us (Entero-Butt-us)
Which Protozoa is responsible for Malaria?
PLASMODIUM
Which Protozoa is responsible for Giardiasis (hammer head like, causes severe diarrhea? Don’t get this wrong…
GIARDIA
What opportunistic fungus causes PCP infections in AIDS patients?
PneumoCystis
Which fungus is responsible for the vaginal yeast infection and oral thresh AKA Candidasis?
Candida
What is the protozoa harbored in CATS that can help them trick helpless mice into not fearing their pee? (can affect crazy cat ladies too)
Toxo-Plasma GONDII
What are the ONLY two shapes of Gram + cells?
Bacillus and Cocci
What are the 4 categories of Gram + Rods?
Branching, Spores, Acid Fast, Pleomorphic
What are the two possible groupings of Gram + Cocci?
Streptococci and Staphylococci
What two categories can Gram - cells be broken down to?
Obligate/Intracellular Rods and Free Living Rods
What are the 4 types of free-living Gram -?
Rods(8 of them), Curved Rods (Vibrio-Cholera), Cocci (meningitis), Spir-o-chetes (Syphillis, lyme dis.)
What do these viruses have in common? Herpes, Hep-B, Papilloma
they are DNA viruses
What do these viruses have in common? EBOLA, Rubella, Influenza, Mumps, Measles, Hep-C, HIV? RotaViruses, Hep-A, Hep-E, Polio
They are all RNA (HIV is RNA-RetroVirus)
What do these viruses have in common? Herpes, Hep-B, EBOLA, Rubella, Influenza, Mumps, Measles, Hep-C, HIV
They are all enveloped!
What do these Viruses have in common? Papilloma, RotaViruses, Hep-A, Hep-E, Polio
They are all naked! (not enveloped)
Which virus (enveloped or naked) has a better chance of survival if it was placed on the desk in front of Greg or Hana?
Naked, the envelop has a tendency to dry out and therefore less of a survival chance.
What is a Lectin?
It is a word for Fimbriae. The part of the bacterial structure that allows attachment.
Does a bacterium have organelles?
NO
What size is the bacterial Ribosome?
70s
How much smaller is the bacterial cell to the human cell?
1000x smaller!
What are the 4 secretions of a typical bacterial cell?
Iron, Enzymes, Toxins, ECM(CHO, Lactic Acid, EtOH) ITS DOING DIGESTION EXTRACELLULARLY
What are the four steps to a Gram stain?
1.Crystal Violet 2.Iodine 3.Decolorize (EtOH/Acetone) (The technical step!) 4.Counterstain/Safranin
What are the two components of LPS? (PLEASE don’t get this wrong!)
CHO, Lipid
What is the Capsule used for? YOU GOT THIS WRONG ON THE IMMUNO test. :(
Anti-Phagoytic…Slippery like soap
What is the main functional purpose of the bacterial cell wall?
To resist osmotic pressures
What are the GLUCOSE-DIMERS that make up the bacterial cell wall?
N-acetyl-glucos-amine (NAG) & N-acetyl-muranic acid (NAM)
What are the “spot-welders” of the NAG-NAM peptide-disaccharide
Transpeptidases
What enzymes are constantly breaking down/reforming peptidoglycan like bone resorption?
Auto-Lysins!
Where specifically is the LPS located on the G- outer membrane?
The OUTER leaflet of the outer membrane
What is the result of LPS activation of the clotting system in the blood vessels? (BIG CONCEPT on THE map)
Disseminated IntraVascular Coagulation
What are the three (1, 2a, 2b)products of LPS binding to MacrOphages?
- COLLAGENASE(destroy collagen) 2. Prostaglandin (PGE-2) 3. TNF-alpha
What is the main fxn discussed for the PGE-2 prostaglandin release by MacrOpahges?
Bone Resorption!
What is the chain reaction of Macrophage release of TNF-alpha? Whats the END result (BIG CONCEPT)?
TNF-alpha—> increase NO production—>relaxation of blood vessels–>HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK (SEPTIC SHOCK)
What is the enzyme for breaking up starch? Please don’t get this wrong. Where is it typically made?
Amylase…The Pancreas, humans (&DOGS) are rare to have it in mouth (evolution)
What its the enzyme for breaking up peptidoglycan? Where is it found?
Lysozyme…Found in tears, mucosa, all cell’s lysosomes
What is intracellular glucose storage for a bacterium? Extracellular storage?
Intra=Glycogen Extra=DEXTRANS (Caries!!)
What are the two conditions for penicillin to work?
Bacteria must be growing, and there must be an osmotic gradient.
How does penicillin work? What is the STRUCTURE of penicillin?
It binds to Transpeptidase, blocking it from spot welding the NAG/NAM girders.THEN auto-lysins keep doing they thang
Which handedness is the biological world? What does that mean for peptidoglycan walls?
LEFT! If peptidoglycan walls have D, then they can be more resistant to the L enzymes
What is the receptor on Macrophages that LPS binds to?
TLR-4 (Toll Like Receptor-4)
What are the three ways a Gram - bacterium can resist penicillin?
1.Change the outermsmbrane pores 2. Penecillinase (beta-lactamase) 3. Change the Transpeptidase
What must happen to the beta-lactam ring for penicillin to cause a hypersensitivity reaction?
The ring OPENS
What appearance is given when the opened beta-lactam ring attaches to our self antigens/platelets?
Gives them a foreign appearance.
What are the two oxygen-handleing types of microbes present in supra-gingival plaque?
MicroAerophillic and Facultative
Which two oxygen-handleing types of microbes are present in sub-ginival plaque?
Anerobic and Facultative
Obligate Aerobes: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?
Obligate aerobes: SOD: YES; Cat:YES Ferm:NO Resp:YES
MicroAerophilic: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?
MicroAeroPhillic: SOD: YES; Cat: NO; Ferm: YES, Resp: NO
Facultative: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?
Facultative: SOD: YES; Cat:YES; Ferm: YES; Resp: YES
Strict Anaerobes: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?
Strict Aerobes: SOD: NO; Cat:NO, Ferm: YES: Resp: NO
What are the three methods for Gene Swapping in bacteria?
1.Transformation 2. Transduction 3.Conjugation
Method for gene swapping involving old DNA from a dead bacterium being “slurped” by a living bacterium?
Transformation
Which gene swapping method involves a virus introducing new DNA into a bacterium?
Transduction
Which gene swapping method involves contact between two bacteria? What can the new DNA produce?
Conjugation…New DNA can produce Virulence factors and Resistance to antibiotics!!
What is a small, extra chromosomal strand of circular DNA in a bacterium?
A PLASMID! (like an extra chromosome!)
Which are the more serious gene mutations?
Insertion and Deletion=Frameshift! (point=not as serious)
What did dogs do to adapt to human domestication?
They DUPLICATED their salivary amylase genes!
What outbreak occurred in Germany in the Spring of 2011?
The E.Coli were able to acquire the gene for a shigella toxin!
