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Micro > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main way our normal flora protects us from frank pathogens?

A

They outcompete the pathogens for seats in the class!

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2
Q

Are viruses considered “normal flora”?

A

NO

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3
Q

What do these microbe detecting methods have in common: Direct Microscopic Visualization, Cultivation and Identification, Detection of microbial antigens, and Detection of microbial RNA or DNA?

A

they are all “DIRECT” methods of identifying microbes

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4
Q

What is the detection of the host immune response and example of when categorizing ID methods?

A

“IN-DIRECT” identification (eg. ELISA test for viruses)

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5
Q

REVIEW:What type of test would be run to identify mycobacteria? What are the two main examples of Mycobacteria?

A

Acid-Fast Stain…TB and Lepracy k

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6
Q

What procedure is used to look at bacterial capsules?

A

India Ink

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7
Q

What do I use a KOH Prep to look for?

A

FUNGI…it kills all human and bacterial cells, but Fungi are resistant

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8
Q

Which visualization method uses fluorescence using antibodies/tissue/heme?

A

FIT-C Serology

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9
Q

Which ID method determines genes unique to a species?

A

PCR

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10
Q

Which medium will provide growth for ANY kind of microbe?

A

Enriched Media

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11
Q

Which medium are we looking to grow a specific kind of bacteria?

A

a Selective Medium

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12
Q

What are the three main characteristics we are looking for under the microscope?

A

Size, shape, arrangement

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13
Q

What are the three major life-forms found on earth?

A

Bacteria, Archea (“R-Key”), and Eukaryote

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14
Q

What are the three Eukaryotic microbes?

A

Helminths, Protozoa, and Fungi

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15
Q

Which helminth is the roundworm (earthworm-like, visible by naked eye)?

A

AS-CAR-IS

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16
Q

Which helminth is the PINWORM? (Can use tape on the butt hole to see it =O )

A

Entero-Bi-Us (Entero-Butt-us)

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17
Q

Which Protozoa is responsible for Malaria?

A

PLASMODIUM

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18
Q

Which Protozoa is responsible for Giardiasis (hammer head like, causes severe diarrhea? Don’t get this wrong…

A

GIARDIA

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19
Q

What opportunistic fungus causes PCP infections in AIDS patients?

A

PneumoCystis

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20
Q

Which fungus is responsible for the vaginal yeast infection and oral thresh AKA Candidasis?

A

Candida

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21
Q

What is the protozoa harbored in CATS that can help them trick helpless mice into not fearing their pee? (can affect crazy cat ladies too)

A

Toxo-Plasma GONDII

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22
Q

What are the ONLY two shapes of Gram + cells?

A

Bacillus and Cocci

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23
Q

What are the 4 categories of Gram + Rods?

A

Branching, Spores, Acid Fast, Pleomorphic

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24
Q

What are the two possible groupings of Gram + Cocci?

A

Streptococci and Staphylococci

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25
Q

What two categories can Gram - cells be broken down to?

A

Obligate/Intracellular Rods and Free Living Rods

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26
Q

What are the 4 types of free-living Gram -?

A

Rods(8 of them), Curved Rods (Vibrio-Cholera), Cocci (meningitis), Spir-o-chetes (Syphillis, lyme dis.)

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27
Q

What do these viruses have in common? Herpes, Hep-B, Papilloma

A

they are DNA viruses

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28
Q

What do these viruses have in common? EBOLA, Rubella, Influenza, Mumps, Measles, Hep-C, HIV? RotaViruses, Hep-A, Hep-E, Polio

A

They are all RNA (HIV is RNA-RetroVirus)

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29
Q

What do these viruses have in common? Herpes, Hep-B, EBOLA, Rubella, Influenza, Mumps, Measles, Hep-C, HIV

A

They are all enveloped!

30
Q

What do these Viruses have in common? Papilloma, RotaViruses, Hep-A, Hep-E, Polio

A

They are all naked! (not enveloped)

31
Q

Which virus (enveloped or naked) has a better chance of survival if it was placed on the desk in front of Greg or Hana?

A

Naked, the envelop has a tendency to dry out and therefore less of a survival chance.

32
Q

What is a Lectin?

A

It is a word for Fimbriae. The part of the bacterial structure that allows attachment.

33
Q

Does a bacterium have organelles?

A

NO

34
Q

What size is the bacterial Ribosome?

A

70s

35
Q

How much smaller is the bacterial cell to the human cell?

A

1000x smaller!

36
Q

What are the 4 secretions of a typical bacterial cell?

A

Iron, Enzymes, Toxins, ECM(CHO, Lactic Acid, EtOH) ITS DOING DIGESTION EXTRACELLULARLY

37
Q

What are the four steps to a Gram stain?

A

1.Crystal Violet 2.Iodine 3.Decolorize (EtOH/Acetone) (The technical step!) 4.Counterstain/Safranin

38
Q

What are the two components of LPS? (PLEASE don’t get this wrong!)

A

CHO, Lipid

39
Q

What is the Capsule used for? YOU GOT THIS WRONG ON THE IMMUNO test. :(

A

Anti-Phagoytic…Slippery like soap

40
Q

What is the main functional purpose of the bacterial cell wall?

A

To resist osmotic pressures

41
Q

What are the GLUCOSE-DIMERS that make up the bacterial cell wall?

A

N-acetyl-glucos-amine (NAG) & N-acetyl-muranic acid (NAM)

42
Q

What are the “spot-welders” of the NAG-NAM peptide-disaccharide

A

Transpeptidases

43
Q

What enzymes are constantly breaking down/reforming peptidoglycan like bone resorption?

A

Auto-Lysins!

44
Q

Where specifically is the LPS located on the G- outer membrane?

A

The OUTER leaflet of the outer membrane

45
Q

What is the result of LPS activation of the clotting system in the blood vessels? (BIG CONCEPT on THE map)

A

Disseminated IntraVascular Coagulation

46
Q

What are the three (1, 2a, 2b)products of LPS binding to MacrOphages?

A
  1. COLLAGENASE(destroy collagen) 2. Prostaglandin (PGE-2) 3. TNF-alpha
47
Q

What is the main fxn discussed for the PGE-2 prostaglandin release by MacrOpahges?

A

Bone Resorption!

48
Q

What is the chain reaction of Macrophage release of TNF-alpha? Whats the END result (BIG CONCEPT)?

A

TNF-alpha—> increase NO production—>relaxation of blood vessels–>HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK (SEPTIC SHOCK)

49
Q

What is the enzyme for breaking up starch? Please don’t get this wrong. Where is it typically made?

A

Amylase…The Pancreas, humans (&DOGS) are rare to have it in mouth (evolution)

50
Q

What its the enzyme for breaking up peptidoglycan? Where is it found?

A

Lysozyme…Found in tears, mucosa, all cell’s lysosomes

51
Q

What is intracellular glucose storage for a bacterium? Extracellular storage?

A

Intra=Glycogen Extra=DEXTRANS (Caries!!)

52
Q

What are the two conditions for penicillin to work?

A

Bacteria must be growing, and there must be an osmotic gradient.

53
Q

How does penicillin work? What is the STRUCTURE of penicillin?

A

It binds to Transpeptidase, blocking it from spot welding the NAG/NAM girders.THEN auto-lysins keep doing they thang

54
Q

Which handedness is the biological world? What does that mean for peptidoglycan walls?

A

LEFT! If peptidoglycan walls have D, then they can be more resistant to the L enzymes

55
Q

What is the receptor on Macrophages that LPS binds to?

A

TLR-4 (Toll Like Receptor-4)

56
Q

What are the three ways a Gram - bacterium can resist penicillin?

A

1.Change the outermsmbrane pores 2. Penecillinase (beta-lactamase) 3. Change the Transpeptidase

57
Q

What must happen to the beta-lactam ring for penicillin to cause a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

The ring OPENS

58
Q

What appearance is given when the opened beta-lactam ring attaches to our self antigens/platelets?

A

Gives them a foreign appearance.

59
Q

What are the two oxygen-handleing types of microbes present in supra-gingival plaque?

A

MicroAerophillic and Facultative

60
Q

Which two oxygen-handleing types of microbes are present in sub-ginival plaque?

A

Anerobic and Facultative

61
Q

Obligate Aerobes: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?

A

Obligate aerobes: SOD: YES; Cat:YES Ferm:NO Resp:YES

62
Q

MicroAerophilic: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?

A

MicroAeroPhillic: SOD: YES; Cat: NO; Ferm: YES, Resp: NO

63
Q

Facultative: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?

A

Facultative: SOD: YES; Cat:YES; Ferm: YES; Resp: YES

64
Q

Strict Anaerobes: SOD? Catalase? Ferm? Resp?

A

Strict Aerobes: SOD: NO; Cat:NO, Ferm: YES: Resp: NO

65
Q

What are the three methods for Gene Swapping in bacteria?

A

1.Transformation 2. Transduction 3.Conjugation

66
Q

Method for gene swapping involving old DNA from a dead bacterium being “slurped” by a living bacterium?

A

Transformation

67
Q

Which gene swapping method involves a virus introducing new DNA into a bacterium?

A

Transduction

68
Q

Which gene swapping method involves contact between two bacteria? What can the new DNA produce?

A

Conjugation…New DNA can produce Virulence factors and Resistance to antibiotics!!

69
Q

What is a small, extra chromosomal strand of circular DNA in a bacterium?

A

A PLASMID! (like an extra chromosome!)

70
Q

Which are the more serious gene mutations?

A

Insertion and Deletion=Frameshift! (point=not as serious)

71
Q

What did dogs do to adapt to human domestication?

A

They DUPLICATED their salivary amylase genes!

72
Q

What outbreak occurred in Germany in the Spring of 2011?

A

The E.Coli were able to acquire the gene for a shigella toxin!

Micro (16 decks)

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