Lecture Outline #27: Female Repro Flashcards
overview
produce eggs (ova)
secrete sex hormone: estrogen
receive sperm
protect embryo/fetus, sustenance for newborn
ovaries
paired repro organ (oogenesis = 400,000 gamates at birth and thats it)
produces estrogen
ooblong gland near fallopian tubes
tethered by suspensory ligament w/NAVL
has tunica albuginea, medulla, cortex, ovarian hilum
mature follicle in ovary during ovulation pops 1 egg out
uterine tubes
function: carry egg from ovary to uterus, location of most successful feralizations
lined with ciliated columnar epithelium
3 parts:
1. Infundibulum: rim is lined with fimbriae which gets egg into tube, not connected to ovary
2. Ampulla: intermediate portion of tube
3. Isthmus: uterine part of tube with uterine orifice
Issue with ovary & uterine tubes
there is a gap between them so there is risk of ectopic pregnancies where egg slips through fimbriae and into peritoneal cavity. The fertilized egg is parasitic so ectopic pregnancy can be a danger to the mother.
Types of ectopic - cervical, peritoneal, ovarian, infundibular, tubal/ampullar, tubal/isthmus, intersitial
uterus
muscular organ supplied by uterine a./v. branches of internal iliac bvs
fundus is superior portion, body is the rest
anterior to rectum, superior to bladder
uterus layers
- Endometrium: mucosa inner layer, thickness varies during period b/c that is being shed, location of implantation/fetal development, cramps when it contracts hard
- Myometrium: smooth muscle middle layer
- Perimetrium: visceral peritoneum, broad lig in it
uterus - cervix
muscular neck @ base of uterus
cervical canal has mucous membrane to keep sperm out but sperm have enzyme that eats it
internal os: opening from uterus to canal
external os: opening from canal to vagina
fornix: encircles the cervix
vagina
supplied by vaginal a./v. branches of internal iliac bvs
distensible muscular canal 3.5-4’ long, ph; 3.8-4.5
contains rugae for surface area
posterior to bladder, anterior to rectum
orifice originally covered by thin membrane- hymen which is typically torn by the time puberty begins
vaginal walls
inner (mucosa): stratified squamous epithelium
middle (muscularis): longitudinal/circular m.s
outer (fibrous): connection to other pelvic organs
broad ligament
covers uterus, tubes, ovaries
mesometrium: mesentery of the uterus
mesosalpinx: mesentery of the uterine tubes
mesovarium: mesentery of the ovaries
round ligaments
binds uterus to anterior wall of pelvis
continues into the labia majora
suspensory ligaments
ties ovary to pelvic wall (lateral aspects)
supports ovarian NAVLs
ovarian ligaments
binds ovary to uterine wall
uterine prolapse
descends/protrudes through vaginal orifice
due to muscle damage to vagina, ligs damaged
can damage to adjacent NAVL & ureters
Treatment: hysterectomy & uterine suspension (mesh from uterus to posterior pelvic wall)
mons pubis
adipose pad overlies pubic symphysis
labia majora
paired fleshy masses of skins & glands, protects delicate structures of vulva
labia minora
medial to majora, vascular, distensible
clitoris (glans & crura)
hemotumescent structure with 8K n. endings
clitoral hood (prepuce) over it
crura are anchoring (legs) points covered by ischiocavernosus m.
vestibule
anatomical gutter btw labia minora
vestibular bulb
hemotumescent
on lateral walls of vestibule
associated w/ crura/clitoris erection
covered by bulbospongiosus m.
vestibular glands
lateral walls of vestibule, posterior to bulbs
lubricates vagina, prevents dehydration of vulva
covered by bulbospongionsus m.
episiotomy
perineum can be cut surgically to enlargen canal if diameter of vaginal orifice is insufficient for neonate head, posterolateral incision
cesarian section
prevents 40% mother-infant mortality before C-sections become a thing
destroys abdominal wall
mammary glands - lobes
modified sweat (exocrine) glands
15-20 lobes: lactation
mammary glands - breast mass
cooper’s ligs suspend breast mass from skin @ anterior side, suspended by collagen & fascia
suspensory ligs wrap around mammary glands & attach to posterior aspect of lactiferous sinuses
breast poorly attached to thoracic wall itself
mammary glands - nipple
termination of glandalar tissue mass at skin surface
areola (pigmented skin + sebaceous glands)
mammary glands - lactiferous ducts & glands
exocrine, sinuses terminate at nipple
breast cancer
neoplasm - abnormal cell growth
USA most common malignant disease of women
2nd most common cause of death (35-55 yo)
12% of women in USA will get some form of breast cancer
options: excision, mastectomy, radial-chemotherapy
mammary line
remnant of evolution, supernumerary nipples
cervical neoplasm
common, can become cancerous
tied to smoking, sexual activity, std’s, etc
human papillomavirus (HPV)
150+ types, 40 are STDs
50% infection rate in sexually active people
Pap-smear: examination of cervical cells, critical after 18+ yrs or onset sexual active people
uterine cancer (endometrium of uterus & uterine tubes)
4th most common cancer in women
8th highest cause of death
often assoc. w/ menopause
hysterectomy and chemotherapy
hysterectomy
uterus is taken out
can take fallopian tubes & ovaries out
sometimes surrounding tissues too.
ovarian cancer
8th most common cancer in women
5th highest incidence of death (due to late detection because it is internal)
surgery & chemotherapy
menopause
1st day after 365 days of no period
