Lecture Outline #27: Female Repro

Question 1

overview

Answer 1

produce eggs (ova)
secrete sex hormone: estrogen
receive sperm
protect embryo/fetus, sustenance for newborn

Question 2

ovaries

Answer 2

paired repro organ (oogenesis = 400,000 gamates at birth and thats it)
produces estrogen
ooblong gland near fallopian tubes
tethered by suspensory ligament w/NAVL
has tunica albuginea, medulla, cortex, ovarian hilum
mature follicle in ovary during ovulation pops 1 egg out

Question 3

uterine tubes

Answer 3

function: carry egg from ovary to uterus, location of most successful feralizations
lined with ciliated columnar epithelium
3 parts:
1. Infundibulum: rim is lined with fimbriae which gets egg into tube, not connected to ovary
2. Ampulla: intermediate portion of tube
3. Isthmus: uterine part of tube with uterine orifice

Question 4

Issue with ovary & uterine tubes

Answer 4

there is a gap between them so there is risk of ectopic pregnancies where egg slips through fimbriae and into peritoneal cavity. The fertilized egg is parasitic so ectopic pregnancy can be a danger to the mother.
Types of ectopic - cervical, peritoneal, ovarian, infundibular, tubal/ampullar, tubal/isthmus, intersitial

Question 5

uterus

Answer 5

muscular organ supplied by uterine a./v. branches of internal iliac bvs
fundus is superior portion, body is the rest
anterior to rectum, superior to bladder

Question 5

uterus layers

Answer 5

1. Endometrium: mucosa inner layer, thickness varies during period b/c that is being shed, location of implantation/fetal development, cramps when it contracts hard
2. Myometrium: smooth muscle middle layer
3. Perimetrium: visceral peritoneum, broad lig in it

Question 6

uterus - cervix

Answer 6

muscular neck @ base of uterus
cervical canal has mucous membrane to keep sperm out but sperm have enzyme that eats it
internal os: opening from uterus to canal
external os: opening from canal to vagina
fornix: encircles the cervix

Question 7

vagina

Answer 7

supplied by vaginal a./v. branches of internal iliac bvs
distensible muscular canal 3.5-4’ long, ph; 3.8-4.5
contains rugae for surface area
posterior to bladder, anterior to rectum
orifice originally covered by thin membrane- hymen which is typically torn by the time puberty begins

Question 8

vaginal walls

Answer 8

inner (mucosa): stratified squamous epithelium
middle (muscularis): longitudinal/circular m.s
outer (fibrous): connection to other pelvic organs

Question 9

broad ligament

Answer 9

covers uterus, tubes, ovaries
mesometrium: mesentery of the uterus
mesosalpinx: mesentery of the uterine tubes
mesovarium: mesentery of the ovaries

Question 10

round ligaments

Answer 10

binds uterus to anterior wall of pelvis
continues into the labia majora

Question 11

suspensory ligaments

Answer 11

ties ovary to pelvic wall (lateral aspects)
supports ovarian NAVLs

Question 12

ovarian ligaments

Answer 12

binds ovary to uterine wall

Question 13

uterine prolapse

Answer 13

descends/protrudes through vaginal orifice
due to muscle damage to vagina, ligs damaged
can damage to adjacent NAVL & ureters
Treatment: hysterectomy & uterine suspension (mesh from uterus to posterior pelvic wall)

Question 14

mons pubis

Answer 14

adipose pad overlies pubic symphysis

Question 15

labia majora

Answer 15

paired fleshy masses of skins & glands, protects delicate structures of vulva

Question 16

labia minora

Answer 16

medial to majora, vascular, distensible

Question 17

clitoris (glans & crura)

Answer 17

hemotumescent structure with 8K n. endings
clitoral hood (prepuce) over it
crura are anchoring (legs) points covered by ischiocavernosus m.

Question 18

vestibule

Answer 18

anatomical gutter btw labia minora

Question 19

vestibular bulb

Answer 19

hemotumescent
on lateral walls of vestibule
associated w/ crura/clitoris erection
covered by bulbospongiosus m.

Question 20

vestibular glands

Answer 20

lateral walls of vestibule, posterior to bulbs
lubricates vagina, prevents dehydration of vulva
covered by bulbospongionsus m.

Question 21

episiotomy

Answer 21

perineum can be cut surgically to enlargen canal if diameter of vaginal orifice is insufficient for neonate head, posterolateral incision

Question 22

cesarian section

Answer 22

prevents 40% mother-infant mortality before C-sections become a thing
destroys abdominal wall

Question 23

mammary glands - lobes

Answer 23

modified sweat (exocrine) glands
15-20 lobes: lactation

Question 24

mammary glands - breast mass

Answer 24

cooper’s ligs suspend breast mass from skin @ anterior side, suspended by collagen & fascia
suspensory ligs wrap around mammary glands & attach to posterior aspect of lactiferous sinuses
breast poorly attached to thoracic wall itself

Question 25

mammary glands - nipple

Answer 25

termination of glandalar tissue mass at skin surface
areola (pigmented skin + sebaceous glands)

Question 26

mammary glands - lactiferous ducts & glands

Answer 26

exocrine, sinuses terminate at nipple

Question 27

breast cancer

Answer 27

neoplasm - abnormal cell growth
USA most common malignant disease of women
2nd most common cause of death (35-55 yo)
12% of women in USA will get some form of breast cancer
options: excision, mastectomy, radial-chemotherapy

Question 28

mammary line

Answer 28

remnant of evolution, supernumerary nipples

Question 29

cervical neoplasm

Answer 29

common, can become cancerous
tied to smoking, sexual activity, std’s, etc

Question 30

human papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer 30

150+ types, 40 are STDs
50% infection rate in sexually active people
Pap-smear: examination of cervical cells, critical after 18+ yrs or onset sexual active people

Question 31

uterine cancer (endometrium of uterus & uterine tubes)

Answer 31

4th most common cancer in women
8th highest cause of death
often assoc. w/ menopause
hysterectomy and chemotherapy

Question 32

hysterectomy

Answer 32

uterus is taken out
can take fallopian tubes & ovaries out
sometimes surrounding tissues too.

Question 33

ovarian cancer

Answer 33

8th most common cancer in women
5th highest incidence of death (due to late detection because it is internal)
surgery & chemotherapy

Question 34

menopause

Answer 34

1st day after 365 days of no period