Anatomy Exam 1

Question 1

supernumerary ribs

Answer 1

thoracalization of C7, can cause problems with large nerves in brachial plexus and subclavian BV’s

Question 2

common vertebra variations

Answer 2

lumbarization of S1
sacralization of L5

Question 3

Spina bifida

Answer 3

varying degrees of vertebral arch defects, no lamina so spinal cord protrudes out.

Question 4

osteopenia

Answer 4

osteoblasts (hormonal) become less active, bone becomes thin/weak, trabeculae spread out

Question 5

osteoporosis

Answer 5

bone mass decreases to the point where normal function is compromised, trabeculae spread out

Question 6

Scoliosis

Answer 6

abnormal spinal curve in coronal plane

Question 7

Kyphosis

Answer 7

abnormal spinal curve in sagittal plane

Question 8

osteopathic scoliosis

Answer 8

abnormal spinal curve due to bone loss

Question 9

myopathic scoliosis

Answer 9

abnormal spinal curve due to muscle spasm/weakness/paralysis

Question 10

brachydactyly

Answer 10

short fingers

Question 11

polydactyly

Answer 11

supernumerary digits

Question 12

syndactyly

Answer 12

fusion of digits

Question 13

polymelia

Answer 13

supernumerary limbs

Question 14

sirenomelia

Answer 14

fusion of hind limbs

Question 15

phocomelia

Answer 15

absence of long bones in limbs

Question 16

meromelia

Answer 16

absence/dysplasia of limb segments

Question 17

amelia

Answer 17

complete absence of limbs

Question 18

tilapes equinovarus

Answer 18

club foot, distorted ankle/foot due to limb position in utero

Question 19

hydrocephalus

Answer 19

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid or lack of drainage in fetal brain, ossification centers do not keep pace with head expansion, pushes brain out of foramen magnum

Question 20

microcephalus

Answer 20

hypoplasia of brain/stem with a normal face, incomplete development, moderate and severe

Question 21

anencephalus

Answer 21

catastrophic loss of brain/stem with normal face

Question 22

craniosynostosis

Answer 22

premature sutural fusion, leads to skull deformities, scaphocephaly, brachycephaly, acrocephaly.

Question 23

achondroplasia

Answer 23

congenital, cartilages in braincase/long bones don’t grow correctly. Premature fusion of braincase, doesn’t push face out. Dwarfism

Question 24

cleft palate and facial clefts

Answer 24

facial bones fail to fuse together correctly, lack of follic acid within mother’s diet during developmental stages

Question 25

mandibulofacial dysostosis

Answer 25

family of gross malformations of face/throat

Question 26

microstomia, microtia, anotia, hemifacial microsomia

Answer 26

malformations of the jaw/ear

Question 27

treacher collins syndrome

Answer 27

displasias of ear, maxilla/mandible

Question 28

pierro robin syndrome/mandibulofacial dysostosis

Answer 28

displasias of ear/eye, mandible, cleft plate

Question 29

hyperpituitarism

Answer 29

pituitary giants, excessive growth during puberty

Question 30

hypopituitarism

Answer 30

pituitary dwarfs, insufficient growth hormone during puberty

Question 31

acromegaly

Answer 31

over-growth, excessive growth hormone after puberty

Question 32

scurvy

Answer 32

vitamin c deficiency, weak, brittle bones, bleeding, gingivitis, muscles weakness, etc.

Question 33

rickets

Answer 33

vitamin d deficiency, weak, flexible bones, growth plates, joints, ribs.

Question 34

gout hyperuricemia (metabolic disorder0

Answer 34

urate crystal accumulation in synovial joint

Question 35

maintenance of bone mass

Answer 35

exercise, diet, vitamin d