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Anatomy > Lecture Outline #24: Digestive System > Flashcards

Lecture Outline #24: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system function #1

A

mechanical processing
- chewing (mastication) - gives more surface area for enzymes
- churning of stomach
- segmentation in small intestine

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2
Q

digestive system function #2

A

chemical breakdown
- sugars, lipids, proteins

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3
Q

digestive system function #3

A

secretion of acids/enzymes/buffers
- by GI tract
- by accessory organs: pancreas, liver

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4
Q

digestive system function #4

A

absorption across gut epithelium into BVs
- mainly occurring in SI
- nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, water
- water absorption mainly occurs in small mesenteric vein to the liver

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5
Q

digestive system #5

A

dehydration, compaction, excretion
- dehydration and compaction mainly happens in large intestine
- defection of feces

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6
Q

gut - what is, what are the parts

A

gut - alimentary canal/GI tract, as a whole it is a muscular tube extending from mouth to anus
Make up of diverticula
1. Foregut - mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum
2. Midgut - (main absorption) jejunum, ileum
3. Hindgut - colon, rectum, part of anus

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7
Q

accessory organs of gut

A

tongue, teeth, gastric & intestinal glands
foregut accessory organs - liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands

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8
Q

the oral cavity

A

tongue, teeth, lips, cheeks, hard/soft palates
- place of mastication and bolus formation

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9
Q

lips & cheeks

A

cheeks - buccinator m.
lined with mucous membrane
orbicularis oris - CN VII: keep food in mouth
labial frenulum (superior & inferior lines on centers of gum) stabilized lips
vestibule - space btw lips/cheeks and teeth/gums

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10
Q

uvula

A

part of soft palate - ball dangly thingy

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11
Q

gingiva

A

gums
mucosa epithelium covering alveolar bone/hard palate

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12
Q

parotid glands

A

innervated by IX
anterior to ear
drained by stenson’s duct

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13
Q

submandibular glands

A

innervated by VII
beneath tongue and sublingual gland
drained by Wharton’s ducts

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14
Q

sublingual glands

A

innervated by VII
beneath teeth
drained by bartholin’s ducts

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15
Q

saliva

A

cleans teeth and moistens food
has amylase enzyme to break down starch
protects enamel when acid reflux occurs

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16
Q

tongue

A

intrinsic m.s run in every direction, XII
muscular hydrostat - m. maintains volume but changes shape
anchored to hyoid & mandible
stabilized by lingual frenulum (attaches tongue to mandible)

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17
Q

ankyloglossia

A

tongue too tightly bound to floor of mouth by lingual frenulum

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18
Q

hairy tongue (lingua villosa)

A

hypertrophy of filiform papillae from poor oral hygiene

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19
Q

soft palate

A

muscular flap, continuation of hard palate
divides naso-/oropharynx during swallowing

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20
Q

hard palate

A

palatine & maxillary bones

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21
Q

teeth

A

3 parts
1. crown
2. neck
3. root
innervated by inferior and superior alveolar n.s
attach to V2 and V3

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22
Q

three materials of teeth

A
  1. Enamel (crown): calcium phosphate - hardest substance
  2. Dentin (body of teeth): not as hard, forms, root & encloses the pulp cavity
  3. cementum: cements each into the socket
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23
Q

pulp cavity

A

contains NAVLs
root canal: narrow tunnel thru each root

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24
Q

gomphosis

A

fibrous joint that anchors the root of tooth into the bony alveolar socket

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25
Q

incisors

A

8 of them
1 root
blade-shaped cusp
for chisling

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26
Q

cuspids

A

4 of them
1 root
conical-pointing cusp
for holding onto things

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27
Q

bicuspid

A

8
2 premolars
1-2 roots
blade-like cusps

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28
Q

molars

A

8-12 of them
3-4 roots
large-flattened crowns
for grinding

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29
Q

deciduous teeth

A

around 20 teeth that erupt between 6 mo to 2 yrs

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30
Q

non-deciduous teeth

A

around 28-32 teeth that erupt around 6-21 yrs

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31
Q

alveolar process

A

surrounds tooth root, lose tooth=loose process

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32
Q

braces

A

align and straighten teeth

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33
Q

impacted molars

A

grow sideways into another tooth
on lower jaw = not bad
on upper jaw = roots of teeth are in maxillary sinus so when you take out teeth, there is a connection of sinus and oral cavity for air to flow

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34
Q

root canal dental implants

A

procedure where drill is pushed through enamel all the way to the root and take the pulp out. The tooth is filled with a hard compound

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35
Q

mandibular tori

A

bony growth on medial side of mandible

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36
Q

gut layers - mucosa

A

innermost tunic for surface area and protection
made of mucous membrane
ANS controls mucous secretions that protect gut lining
rugae (plicae circularis) for pleated appearance/more SA
epithelium is supported by lamina propria (CT)
villi (columnar epithelium/Goblet cells) for SA for more nutrient exchange

37
Q

gut layers - submucosa

A

contains exocrine glands for enzyme secretion
is highly vascular (NAVLS) for absorption of nutrients
has ANS fibers called meissner’s plexus to control exocrine secretions

38
Q

gut layers - muscularis

A

2 muscle layers for peristalsis = muscular directional contractions, the further the stretch of m.s the harder the contraction
inner layer - circularis m.s to pinch food, decreases diameter and increases length
outer layer - longitudinal m.s to shorten food, decrease tube length and increase diameter
myenteric plexus (of ANS fiber) controls peristalsis/segmentation (mixing) of chyme

39
Q

gut layers - serosa

A

outermost layer
is a serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)

40
Q

esophagus

A

collapsible muscular tube of inner & outer muscularis layers, submucosa & mucosa.
extends from pharynx to stomach through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm

41
Q

bolus movement to esophagus

A
  1. foot enters oral cavity
  2. mastication - bolus formation
  3. bolus moves to back of mouth to swallow
  4. soft palate rises to close nasal cavity
  5. epiglottis lowers over trachea
  6. bolus is swallowed into esophagus
42
Q

regions of stomach

A
  1. cardia - entrance to stomach with cardiac sphincter
  2. fundus - bulging domed aspect
  3. Body - with greater and lesser curvatures w/ respective omentums
  4. pylorus - end of stomach with strong pyloric sphincter
43
Q

walls of stomach

A

3 layers of m.s (outer, inner, and oblique layers) to squish and churn food to lower pH level of 2
internal surface is covered in rugae
produces gastric juices (HCl, pepsin, rennin) to kill bacteria and mucous to protect walls from gastric juices
stores ethanol, water, and aspirin which goes directly into bloodstream

44
Q

gastric ulcer

A

open sore in the stomach lining

45
Q

gastric reflux/gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

chronic condition when stomach acids leak back into esophagus through cardiac sphincter

46
Q

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

birth defect that occurs when diaphragm doesn’t form properly, leaving a hole that allows abdominal organs - mainly stomach - to move into chest cavity

47
Q

paraoesophageal hernia

A

a large portion of the stomach or other bowel organs are pushed up into the chest

48
Q

hiatal hernia in utera (pregnant women)

A

a portion of the stomach penetrates the hiatus of the diaphragm, esophagus and stomach slide up

49
Q

small intestine

A

mucosa has plicae circularis and villi to increase SA as well as microvilli
Is 20 - 25 ft long with three parts (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum)

50
Q

duodenum

A

8-12 inches long
place where pH neutralization occurs to bring pH level up to 7 (buffers do this)
mixing bowl of chyme
submucosal glands produce mucous & buffers
mucosa layer is thin
contains MALT & peyers patches
hepatopancreatic sphincter is below duodenal papilla

51
Q

jejunum

A

7-9 feet long
dense mucosa
majority of digestion, some absorption
functions are done through enzymes secreted from pancreas through duodenum and combined with jejunum’s own enzymes

52
Q

ileum

A

8-14 feet long
medium thickness mucosa
final digestion, majority absorption
contains GALT
ileocecal valve - controls flow of chyme into cecum

53
Q

krohn’s disease

A

no plicae circularis, less absorption of nutrients

54
Q

colon

A

where dehydration, absorption, and compaction of chyme occurs which becomes feces.
5 feet long, big lumen, and has less longitudinal & circularis m.s so feces is slow moving
haustra - pouches formed by colon musculature, where circular m.s meet
tenia coli - 3 longitudinal ribbons of muscle that come together at vermiform appendix
epiploic appendages - fat

55
Q

colon sections in order

A

cecum
ascending colon (10-16”)
hepatic/right colic flexure - beneath liver
transverse/mid colon (10-16”)
splenic/left colic flexure - beneath spleen
descending colon (10-16”)
sigmoid flexure
sigmoid colon (8-16”)

56
Q

vermiform appendix

A

vestigial remnant
blind pocket with little lymphoid function

57
Q

diverticula
diverticulosis
diverticulitis

A
  1. out-pocketing of colon wall
  2. abnormal diverticula (small pouches/hernias) that form on colon walls
  3. inflammation of abnormal diverticula mainly in sigmoid colon, can pop once it swells enough and feces gets into peritoneum and abdominal cavity = sepsis
58
Q

GI tract innervation

A

at splenic flexure, that last third of tract is innervated by pudendal nerve, everything above is vagus nerve

59
Q

rectum

A

6-8” long
contains baroreceptors to monitor pressure
highly muscular termination of colon
when feces enter - urge to defecate
epithelium is keratinized - abrasion-resistant

60
Q

anus

A

muscular valves at terminus of rectum = verge-pockets that hold feces
contain baroreceptors
internal anal sphincter - ANS involuntary smooth m.
external anal sphincter - voluntary skeletal m.
can get internal & external hemorrhoids

61
Q

food flow

A

(food) through orbicularis oris (bolus) - oral cavity - oropharynx - esophagus - through cardiac sphincter (chyme) - stomach - through pyloric sphincter - duodenum - jejunum - ileum - through ileocecal valve (feces) - cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - through external anal sphincter - through internal anal sphincter - anus

62
Q

ileostomy

A

resection of portion of gut
defecate through small intestine stoma, whole LI is taken out

63
Q

colostomy

A

resection of a portion of gut
stoma in abdominal wall for defection
rectum & anus is taken out

64
Q

accessory structure - liver

A

largest organ in body
large blood reservoir
has R/L lobes, caudate & quadrate (gallbladder) lobes
metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids
stores vitamins and minerals
detoxify/remove waste products (ammonia/urea)
inactivate/remove various drugs & hormones
produce bile to emulsify lipids

65
Q

liver - vasculature

A

common hepatic artery from celiac trunk of aorta to become hepatic proper artery
arteries through capillary beds in GI = hepatic portal v.s
hepatic veins return blood to IVC

66
Q

gallbladder

A

hollow, thin muscular sac for storing excess bile
has a fundus (ending), body, and neck

67
Q

bile

A

makes feces brown
produced by liver to emulsify lipids = not digest but take apart food to increase SA, lipase breaks down

68
Q

hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

regulatory m.
if constricted (no food) = bile backs up into common bile duct to cystic duct (2-way) and into gallbladder for storage
if dilated (food) = gallbladder contracts and inject bile into duodenum

69
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of gallbladder

70
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence of gallstones in gallbladder
stones are normally cholesterol based and can get stuck in cystic duct

71
Q

cirrhosis (hepatitis)

A

destruction of hepatocytes due to:
1. exposure to drugs (ethanol replaces hepatic tissue with scar tissue = decrease function)
2. viral infection (hep C)
3. blockage of hepatic ducts

72
Q

hepatic portal hypertension

A

if blood cannot drain via HPV, finds alternate routes
- thrombosis, cirrhosis, fibrosis found in liver
- back from through several portocaval anastomes
- metabolizes escape

73
Q

pancreas

A

elongate organ with lumpy, granular texture
located btw stomach & duodenum
highly vascular - drains to HPV
endocrine f(x)s - 1%
exocrine f(x)s - 99%

74
Q

endocrine functions

A

uses blood
secretions
- through hepatic portal system
1. glucagon - raises glucose levels in blood
2. insulin - lowers blood glucose levels
can get diabetes II if eating an overabundance of starches and sugars

75
Q

exocrine functions

A

uses ducts
secretions - enzymes
- through pancreatic duct into duodenum
1. proteinases - degrade proteins
2. lipases - degrade fats
3. nucleases - degrade DNA & RNA

76
Q

lactose intolerant

A

not enough lactase enzymes
food ferments in GI
hydrogen & methane produced = bloated

77
Q

serous membranes

A

abrasion resistant
1. parietal peritoneum lines peritoneal cavity
2. visceral peritoneum covers organs

78
Q

mesenteries

A

BVs go through these to organs, supports/protects NAVLs
durable, double layer of serous membrane
suspends GI tract from walls of cavity

79
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

full of serous fluids
GI tract is not in it but goes through it

80
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A

pass through peritoneal cavity
organ is free moving
suspended by a mesentery
jejunum & ileum

81
Q

secondarily retroperitoneal organs

A

initially free-moving, suspended by a mesentary in the cavity, now moved behind peritoneum
organ is stationary
only laminated on one side
duodenum
pancreas
asc & desc colon

82
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

outside peritoneal cavity
easy surgical access
organ is stationary
urogenital system
abdominal aorta
IVC
kidneys

83
Q

mesentery proper

A

encloses the jejunum & ileum

84
Q

mesocolon

A

suspends transverse & sigmoid colons

85
Q

lesser omentum

A

btw stomach & liver with common bile duct running within

86
Q

greater omentum (mesogaster)

A

extends from greater curvature
site of fat storage & fights infections
stomach to transverse colon
creates a double layer over small intestine

87
Q

coronary ligament

A

suspends liver from diaphragm

88
Q

falciform ligaments

A

btw liver & abdominal wall @ umbilicus
contains ligamentum venosum

89
Q

round ligament

A

ventral mesentary

Anatomy (21 decks)

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