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Anatomy > Lecture Outline #21: CV Heart > Flashcards

Lecture Outline #21: CV Heart Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the blood

A

transport of:
- gases O2 & CO2
- nutrients (digested food)
- hormones to target organs
- wastes to kidneys/lungs
regulate blood ph & electrolyte composition
defend against pathogens
restrict blood loss @ injury sites (sealant/clotting)
stabilize body temp

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2
Q

how does blood stabilize body temp

A

blood has a radiator system: deep & superficial veins
deep veins pushes blood to superficial veins when hot

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3
Q

blood composition

A

plasma = 55%
plasma proteins
formed elements = 45%

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4
Q

plasma

A

non-cellular fluid matrix of blood
- water, electrolytes, nutrients, metabolic wastes
modified into CSF, aqueous humor, peri/endolymph, urine, lymph

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5
Q

plasma proteins

A

transport of hormones & lipids
framework for clots

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6
Q

formed elements

A

RBCs - 99.9% - O2 & CO2 transport
recycled by spleen b/c of iron
20-30 trillion cells
WBCs - immunological defense
Platelets - cell fragments that aid blood clotting

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7
Q

2 systems that branch off the heart

A
  1. Pulmonary - lungs
  2. Systemic - everything else
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8
Q

basic structure of the heart

A

4 chambered muscular pump with 2 circuits - separate oxy-/de-oxygenated blood, ventricles - pump blood, atria - receive blood
interatrial septa - thin tissue wall btw atria
interventricular septa - muscular wall btw vents
atrioventricular septa - btw. atria & vents
base - attachment site of large vessels
apex - bottom part, ventricle area
valves - allow blood flow in one direction

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9
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac m. cells (single nuclei, striated, branched)
have intercalary discs to relay action potentials, help chemical signals travel
Is thick on the left side because it pumps blood for whole body

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10
Q

endocardium

A

smooth inner surface made up elastic & collagen fibers, covering the surface of chambers & valves

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11
Q

epicardium (visceral pericardium)

A

serous membrane on outer surface, stuck to myocardium

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12
Q

parietal pericardium

A

serous membrane that surrounds the heart, encases the paricardial cavity.

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13
Q

pericardial sac

A

inner layer - parietal pericardium
outer layer - parietal pleura
serous fluids secreted by membrane oppose friction

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14
Q

mediastinum

A

space btw lungs that contain esophagus, trachea, great vessels, NAVLs & heart

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15
Q

pericardial cavity

A

space btw parietal & visceral pericardia containing serous fluid

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16
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardia

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17
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

pericardial cavity fills with blood because coronary vessels leak
the heart keeps contracting until the sac can’t fill anymore and the heart becomes compressed

18
Q

right atrium

A

contains
- superior & inferior vena cava
- coronary sinus
- pectinate m.s - on the lateral wall of each auricle for contraction
- right atrioventricular valve/tricuspid valve

19
Q

right ventricle

A

contains
- right atrioventricular valve/tricuspid valve (blood flow from RA to RV)
- chordae tendineae - fibrous strand anchored to papillary m.s that allow valves to open and close
- trabeculae carneae - ventricular walls that slow blood down to prevent splashing.
- pulmonary semilunar valve (has 3 cusps)
- pulmonary trunk

20
Q

left atrium

A
  • 4 pulmonary veins
  • pectinate m.s
  • left atrioventricular valve/bicuspid/mitral valve
21
Q

left ventricle

A
  • left atrioventricular valve/bicuspid/mitral valve
  • chordae tendineae - fibrous strand anchored to papillary m.s that allow valves to open and close
  • trabeculae carneae - ventricular walls that slow blood down to prevent splashing.
  • left aortic valve (3 cusps) and aorta
22
Q

coronary valves

A

respond to pressure, where there is pressure, blood will flow from.
insure 1-way flow of blood
if there is a bad seal - back flow/regurgitation - reduces heart efficiency, makes gurgling/fluttering sounds = heart murmur (mechanical failure of a heart valve)

23
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

failure of chords/papillary m.s to stabilize bicuspid valve

24
Q

systole
diastole

A

contraction of myocardium (pump)
relaxation of myocardium (fill)

25
Q

systole-diastole flow of blood

A
  1. Atrial systole injects blood into ventricles
  2. Vents fill - AV valves start closing
  3. Atrial diastole
  4. ventricular systole injects blood into aorta & pulmonary a.
  5. AV valves slam shut (lubb sound)
  6. back pressure in aorta & pulmonary trunk builds up
  7. semilunar valves slam shut (dupp sound)
  8. Ventricular diastole
26
Q

what opens & closes coronary valves

A

pressure because these valves are passive

27
Q

sino-atrial node

A

medial wall of RA
nodal (pacemaker) cells are responsible for heart rate (90-100 bpm)
response for atrial contraction

28
Q

atrio-ventricular node

A

junction between atria & vents
connected to SA node
40-50 bpm

29
Q

AV bundle (Bundle of His)

A

runs from AV-node through interventricular septum (between vents)
purkinje fibers/cells branch out in ventricular walls

29
Q

control of heartrate

A

SA node - heart initiates its own heartline (baseline)
Heart slows - parasym ANS - acetylcholine
- CN X
heart accels - sym ANS - norepinephrine
- Sym ganglia (T1-4)

30
Q

angina pectoris

A

referred pain assoc. w/ an MI, T1-4

31
Q

embolus

A

drifting clot in the circulation, not problematic

32
Q

embolism

A

blockage due to clot so blood can’t pass
pulmonary embolism - kills part of lung, #1 killer of women post-birth

33
Q

coronary ischemia

A

restricted blood supply to myocardium when embolism occurs

34
Q

myocardial infarction

A

localized cell death in myocardium because blood can’t get to heart

35
Q

bradycardia & tachycardia

A

slower than normal HR
faster than normal HR

36
Q

anemia

A

poor O2 delivery, low #s of RBCs & low hemoglobin

37
Q

right coronary artery (RCA)

A

brings in blood
contains:
- anterior ventricular a. (AVA) right side of heart
- right marginal a. (RMA) side of apex
- posterior interventricular a. (PIA)

38
Q

left coronary artery (LCA)

A

brings in blood
- anterior interventricular a. (AIA or widow maker)
- circumflex branch - continues around left side around heart, LMA & PVA branch off)
- left marginal a. (LMA) side of apex
- posterior ventricular a. (PVA) on left side

39
Q

venous drainage of myocardium - anterior side

A

great cardiac vein (anterior interventricular vein) and anterior cardiac veins

40
Q

venous drainage of myocardium - posterior side

A

posterior cardiac vein & middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular vein)

41
Q

coronary sinus

A

where cardiac veins combine
all blood flows to this, venous blood starts here
drains into RA

Anatomy (16 decks)

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