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Anatomy > Lecture Outline #13: CNS > Flashcards

Lecture Outline #13: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

functions of ns

A

awareness
coordination & control
memory & learning
establishing patterns of response

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2
Q

CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS nerves

A

cranial (motor & sensory) & spinal (motor & sensory) (controls skeletal muscle contractions and voluntary/involuntary reflexes) nerves.

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4
Q

PNS subsections

A

sensory - visceral (organ information) and somatic (info from body)
motor - ANS and somatic (skeletal muscle (voluntary))

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5
Q

ANS componants

A

involuntary visceral - smooth & cardiac muscle

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6
Q

ANS subsections

A

sympathetic (thoracolumbar) & parasympathetic (craniosacral)

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7
Q

ANS sympathetic function

A

speeds heart & slows GI tract
“fight or flight” response, adrenaline

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8
Q

ANS parasympathetic function

A

slows heart & speeds GI tract
“rest & digest” involuntary control
controls smooth muscle contractions (gut & vasculature)

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9
Q

soma

A

cell body
contains nucleus & mitochondria
most lack centrioles (can’t divide)

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10
Q

soma - hilum

A

proximal stump where nerves regenerate

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11
Q

dendrites

A

receive input from environment or other cells

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12
Q

axon

A

conducts nerve impulse
hollow extension of soma - cytoplasm
insulated by myelin sheath

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13
Q

synaptic terminals

A

output to muscle/gland/nerve

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14
Q

3 targets for synaptic terminals

A
  1. synapses with other neurons
  2. neuro-muscular synapses (control)
  3. neuro-glandular synapses (no control)
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15
Q

structural type of neuron - anaxonic (CNS)

A

dendrites/axons look alike, no axons
brain & ganglia (processing centers)

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16
Q

structural type of neuron - bipolar

A

soma is situated btw dendrite & axon
special sensory cells - sight, smell, hearing

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17
Q

structural type of neuron - unipolar

A

soma is situated on one side of dendrite & axon
sensory nerve endings of the PNS

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18
Q

structural type of neuron - multipolar

A

several dendrites & single axon
common in CNS, motor nerves, skeletal muscle

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19
Q

afferent axons

A

sensory nerves
brings sensory information to CNS from tissues/organs

20
Q

afferent axons - exteroreceptors

A

somatic (body) - environment info (touch, temp, pain - general sensations)

21
Q

afferent axons - proprioceptors

A

somatic (body) - position of muscles & joints (stretching)

22
Q

afferent axons - interoceptors

A

visceral - internal environment

23
Q

efferent axons

A

motor nerves
carry motor commands from CNS to muscles/glands

24
Q

efferent axons - somatic motor

A

PNS - skeletal muscle

25
Q

efferent axons - visceral motor

A

ANS - gut

26
Q

interneurons - CNS

A

connect between sensory & motor neurons
coordinate sensory input & motor output

27
Q

difference btw white & grey matter

A

differ in myeline/insulation amount. white matter - myelination axons, grey matter - unmyelinated axons/cell bodies

28
Q

white matter locations

A

CNS - tracts, columns, commissures
PNS - nerves

29
Q

grey matter locations

A

CNS - nuclei (single function)
PNS - ganglia (positional renaming - little brain/processing centers outside CNS)

30
Q

synapses (chemo-electric signal)

A

not an electrical charge but ion differential (electrolytes within H2O are ions for electrical potential)
1. chemical gradient passes down along axon
2. neurotransmitter released into synaptic gap
3. Gets cleaned immediately or muscle keeps firing.

31
Q

nueroglia

A

structures that support neurons

32
Q

PNS neuroglia - satellite cells

A

found in large numbers in ganglia
surround neuron cell bodies
exchange in nutrients/wastes
support & fluid balance

33
Q

PNS neuroglia - Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

A

neurilemma - sheath of myeline that surrounds an axon
aid in repair/regeneration of damaged nerves
similar to oligodendrocytes BUT
1. only associated with a single axon
2. run for a short distance along each axon

34
Q

CNS neuroglia - astrocytes

A

wrap around capillaries (blood - brain barrier)
involved in growth & repair of neural tissue
3-D structural framework for neurons
maintain interstitial fluid balance in neural tissue - support & fluid balance

35
Q

CNS neuroglia - oligodendrocytes

A

sheath of myelin wraps axons of several cells
insulate each axon from other axons
binds multiple neurons together for support
have cyto-extensions

36
Q

CNS neuroglia - microglia

A

small cells w/ small branches
removal (phagocytosis) of debris & pathogens

37
Q

CNS neuroglia - epindemal

A

assoc. with CSF
lining of neural tubes
filtering

38
Q

PNS CT - endoneurium

A

Schwann cells around axon

39
Q

PNS CT - perineurium

A

bundles several axons into a fascicle

40
Q

PNS CT - epineurium

A

bundles several fascicles into a nerve

41
Q

neuron damage

A

reattach a nerve - NO
potential regrowth of axon within neuroglia & CT
axon distal to neuron dies
severed nerve can grow back together but could misalign

42
Q

Demyelination pathologies characteristics

A

occur in CNS & PNS, varying degree of numbness/paralysis, caused by poisoning, disease, and genetics

43
Q

demyelination pathology - posions

A

Heavy metal - mercury and lead
Pesticides - roundup

44
Q

demyelination pathology - disease

A

diphtheria

45
Q

demyelination pathology - immune system dysfunction

A

Guillain - Barre Syndrome - autoimmune disease, attacks myeline (PNS), weakness, tingling, paralysis
Multiple sclerosis - attacks myelin (CNS), find in the mind
Alzheimer’s - environmental aspects, demyelinate axons

46
Q

rabies virus

A

body-fluid transfer, travels from bite along PNS to CNS
Lyssavirus symptoms - travels retrograde from PNS to CNS, showing symptoms - 100% mortality

Anatomy (16 decks)

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