Lecture Outline #23: Respiratory System

Question 1

respiration basics

Answer 1

it is cellular respiration (glucose + oxygen -> water, carbon dioxide and ATP; oxygen breaks down the glucose)
breathing is the transportation of gases
diffusion of blood gases occurs due to thin walls, moist surfaces, and rich blood supply

Question 2

what makes up the upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

organs outside of thorax, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, and pharynx

Question 3

what makes up the lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

organs within thorax, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, lungs, pleural cavity

Question 4

nasal cavity

Answer 4

1. Nostril - external nares (bone)
2. Alar cartilages support nostril
   - flaps on side of nose that make vestibule
3. Nasal septum
   - ant: hyaline cartilage then septal then elastic
   - post: vomer & perpendicular plate of ethmoid
4. Lateral walls
   - sup, mid, & inf conchae/meati
5. Lateral wall openings
   - has nasolacrimal duct
   - paranasal sinuses (sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, frontal) that drain via paranasal ducts
   - all ducts/sinuses lined w/ mucous mem (resp epi) & cilia
6. Internal nares

Question 5

epithelia of nasal cavity: nasal vestibules and mid/inf conchae

Answer 5

nasal vestibule: lined w/ sebaceous/sweat glands and hairs to filter air
conchae: respiratory epithelium (mucous membrane, pseudostratified ciliated columnar), has cilia catching particulates, snot is always moving from lungs to cavity

Question 6

pharynx

Answer 6

common passage for resp/dig systems, all have respiratory epithelium

Question 7

nasopharynx

Answer 7

space above soft palate, posterior to nasal cavity
auditory tubes connect nasopharynx w/mid ear
pharyngeal tonsil on posterior wall
soft palate serves as a flap valve btw caivty/pharynx

Question 8

oropharynx

Answer 8

space btw soft palate & hyoid
palatine tonsils located in lateral walls
lingual tonsils located at base of tongue

Question 9

laryngopharynx

Answer 9

space btw hyoid to 1st tracheal ring
contains epiglottal cartilages

Question 10

larynx

Answer 10

cylinder suspended by hyoid bone
surrounds/protects glottis & trachea
vocal cords located in larynx
has epiglottis

Question 11

glottis

Answer 11

innervated by CN X
opening for air to pass through, formed by vocal folds

Question 12

epiglottis (laryngeal/elastic cartilage)

Answer 12

protective valve/cover
folds/pivots over glottis when swallowing to divert food to esophagus
epiglottal cartilage - comprises the epiglottis

Question 13

laryngeal cartilages

Answer 13

modified tracheal rings
precent you from aspirating during eating

Question 14

thyroid (laryngeal cartilage)

Answer 14

large, shield-shaped, only anterior portion
protects glottis, ligs, & cords behind it

Question 15

cricoid (laryngeal cartilage)

Answer 15

medium sized, circumferential shaped
inferior to thryoid

Question 16

arytenoid (laryngeal cartilage)

Answer 16

x2
anchor for vocal ligs
on top of cricoid

Question 17

corniculate (laryngeal cartilage)

Answer 17

x2
anchor for vestibular ligs
on top of arytenoid

Question 18

cuneiform (laryngeal cartilage)

Answer 18

x2
stabilizes epiglottis from below

Question 19

laryngeal ligs & folds

Answer 19

vestibular ligs + vestibular folds = false vocal cords
vocal ligs + vocal folds = true vocal cords
space btw vocal folds = glottis
tension/spacing of cords = sound pitch, volume

Question 20

order of laryngeal ligs, vestibule

Answer 20

vestibular fold with ligs coming off = no control, false
vestibule - space
vocal folds with ligs coming off = true cords

Question 21

trachea structure

Answer 21

tough, flexible tube made of 18-20 C shaped hyaline cartilages that are connected in series by annular ligs, trachialis m. fills the posterior gap of the C rings
lined with respiratory epithelium
divides to form R/L primary bronchi @ carina T5

Question 22

tracheostomy

Answer 22

surgical opening in trachea to allow air flow

Question 23

hilus/hilum of an organ

Answer 23

openings for BVs, nerves, lymphatics

Question 24

r bronchus characteristics

Answer 24

longer & more aligned with trachea = more prone to chocking

Question 25

1° bronchi

Answer 25

split to form secondary/lobar bronchi
R side - 3 bronchi
L side - 2 bronchi

Question 26

2° bronchi

Answer 26

split to form tertiary/segmental bronchi
goes to each lobe of lung
located within each bronchopulmonary segment

Question 27

3° bronchi

Answer 27

split into bronchioles

Question 28

bronchioles

Answer 28

split into respiratory bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Question 29

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 29

alveolar sac - alveoli

Question 30

alveoli

Answer 30

wrapped in capillaries - site of gas exchange
wall is a thin respiratory membrane - simple squamous epithelium
elastic fibers in alveolus have septal cells that produce surfactant (reduces surface tension)

Question 31

respiratory bronchus - acinus

Answer 31

end of terminal bronchioles, beginning of respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts

Question 32

morphological changes in bronchial tree

Answer 32

1. Tracheal rings switch to plate @ 2° bronchi
2. Epithelium: Pseudostratified (respiratory) to simple squamous @ respiratory bronchioles
3. Cilia: ciliated epithelium changes to non-ciliated epithelium @ terminal/respiratory bronchioles
4. Smooth muscle more common @ 2° bronchi & down

Question 33

ANS bronchi functions

Answer 33

sym ANS - bronchodilation
psym ANS - bronchoconstriction

Question 34

SA & miles of tubes in lungs

Answer 34

SA - tennis court, 2100 ft2
miles - 1500 mi

Question 35

infant respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 35

premature babies don’t produce enough surfactant till around 7 months
alveolar walls stick together - alveolar collapse

Question 36

lungs

Answer 36

base sits on diaphragm, apex is the top parts
root - bronchus + NAVLs
hilus - pt of entry supported by pulmonary ligs
cardiac impressions - indent of heart & aorta
lobes - 3R & 2L

Question 37

mediastinum

Answer 37

composed of heart, aorta, vena cavae, trachea, root of lung, esophagus, thymus, CN X & phrenic n.s

Question 38

visceral pleura

Answer 38

serous membrane on lung surface
lines with simple squamous epi - produce serous fluid

Question 39

parietal pleura

Answer 39

serious membrane lining pleural cavity
stuck to thoracic wall

Question 40

pleural cavity

Answer 40

potential space btw vis/par pleura
contains surfactant –> lubricates pleura, decreases tension of heart linings and lung linings

Question 41

pneumothorax

Answer 41

air in the thorax
1. Air enters into pleural cavity by breath (external or internal) of visc/par pleura
2. Serous fluids can no longer maintain pleural contact
3. Lungs collapse - elastic fibers = no pressure = constant contract

Question 42

sucking wounds

Answer 42

lungs are deflating- elastic tissue draws lungs into a dense lump of tissue - collapse draws air through open wound

Question 43

pleural adhesions

Answer 43

often after healing of sucking wound or rib punctures
1. damage to visc/par pleurae
2. tissue healing process confused the pleura
3. pleural adhesions form btw layers
4. painful during deep breaths or movement

Question 44

emphysema

Answer 44

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
destruction of alveoli (septum degenerates)
loss of SA for gas exchange - shortness of breath
need tubes in nostrils

Question 45

pulmonary embolism

Answer 45

blood clots block pulm BVs
leads to infarction/necrosis
often occur in postpartum mothers

Question 46

diaphragm

Answer 46

muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities
shaped like a dome, contracts on centrum
phrenic n. controls contractions, peripheral movements by intercostal n.s, apertures by CN X
caval hiatus - IVC
esophageal hiatus - esophagus
aortic hiatus - aorta

Question 47

inspiration

Answer 47

active movements
diaphragm contracts, flattens to increase thoracic volume, and compresses abdominal contents
pressure is negative/decreases and becomes like a vacuum

Question 48

forced inspiration

Answer 48

m.s raise rib cage
- external intercostal, SCM, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalenes.

Question 49

expiration

Answer 49

passive action due to elasticity of thoracic wall, alveoli, and bronchial tree
diaphragm relaxes up, rebound of abdominal contents
thoracic volume decreases
pressure in lungs increases

Question 50

forced expiraation

Answer 50

abdominal wall m.s compress gut
- transverse thoracis, rectus abdominus.
internal intercostal ms. compress rib cage

Question 51

control of breathing

Answer 51

1. respiratory centers: left frontal lobe (primary) and pons & medulla oblongata - pace and rhythm
2. mechanoreceptors: lung volume & BP
3. chemoreceptors: CO2, O2, and blood pH

Question 52

cough and hiccups

Answer 52

cough - reflex spasm (full contraction of m.s) to protect respiratory tract
hiccup - R/L phrenic n.s normally work in syn, when off rhythm - diaphragm spasms