Lecture Outline #26: Pelvis & male repro

Question 1

false pelvis

Answer 1

above pelvic brim
bowel, full bladder, pregnant uterus

Question 2

pelvic cavity

Answer 2

continuation of the abdominal cavity
pelvic girdle contents: ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx
pelvic ligaments are very complex
pubic symphysis: fibrocartilage
sacroiliac jt: synovial jt (diarthrotic)
- hyaline cartilage (diarthrotic)
- fibrocartilage (syndesmotic)

Question 3

true pelvis

Answer 3

below pelvic brim
muscular floor - pelvic diaphragm
contents - colon/rectum, bladder, vagina/uterus

Question 4

external iliac a.s

Answer 4

do not supply any of the pelvic contents

Question 5

internal iliac a.s

Answer 5

visceral branches go to bladder, uterus, vagina, rectum
internal pudendal a.s go to hemotumescent (erectile) organs

Question 6

gonagal a.s

Answer 6

testicular and ovarian a.s branches
dragged into pelvis by respective gonads

Question 7

pelvic diaphragm

Answer 7

supports pelvic organs
bounded by pubic arch, coccyx, ischial tuberosities
voluntary skeletal m. - pudendal n.
includes/stabilizes GI/UG external sphincters (external urethral, external anal, and vaginal sphincters)

Question 8

prolapse of pelvic contents

Answer 8

pelvic floor is easily injured (childbirth/injury) and can be weakened
- prolapsed rectum: rectum comes out anus
- prolapsed uterus: uterus comes out anus

Question 9

kegel excersizes

Answer 9

excersizes that tone pelvic floor m.s, relieve urinary difficulties, ease birthing process, speed recovery, & prevent prolapse by contracting pelvic floor

Question 10

pudendal n.

Answer 10

1. somatic motor - contraction of pelvic floor, skeletal m.
2. somatic sensory - cervix & vagina, skin of perineum, external genitalia
3. pelvic parasympathetic - peristalsis of descending colon to rectum, dilation of BVs in erectile tissues

Question 11

sacral sympathetic n.s

Answer 11

branches of sympathetic chain ganglia
reduce peristalsis
contract internal urethral sphincter
initiate ejaculation
reflexive contraction of pelvic floor

Question 12

perineum

Answer 12

space external (below) pelvic diaphragm
location of external genitalia

Question 13

repro system functions

Answer 13

meiosis - formation of haploid (half genetic material) cells, spermatogeneisis and oogenesis
fertilization - re-combo of haploid cells = diploid conceptus. Must be internal and requires fluid-fluid transfer

Question 14

female descent of gonads

Answer 14

gonads develop near kidneys
ovaries descend into pelvis around 6-10 weeks and drag gonadal BVs with it. Ends in pelvis around 28 weeks

Question 15

male descent of gonads

Answer 15

gonads develop near kidneys
testis descend into pelvis around 6-10 weeks and drag gonadal BVs with it. Migration ends around 28 weeks
testicles continue through inguinal canal into scrotum with help of processes vaginalis (pocket of peritoneum)
spermatic cord descends with it (testicular NAVLs & vas deferens)
tunica vaginalis: peritoneum on surface of testes
gubernaculum: tethers gonads to perineum

Question 16

inguinal canal

Answer 16

passage that pases obliquely through lower abdominal wall
weak spot for males
contents: spermatic cord (male), round lig (female)

Question 17

inguinal hernia

Answer 17

indirect - intestine extrudes out thru canal into scrotum
direct - intestine pushes directly through abdominal wall

Question 18

cryptorchism

Answer 18

one testis doesn’t descend into scrotum

Question 19

testis structure

Answer 19

1. small (4 x 2.5 cm)
2. tunica albuginea - CT surrounds/supports
3. tunica vaginalis - serous membrane
4. seminiferous tubules - produce sperm & testosterone
5. rete testis - btw seminiferous tubules & epididymis, where tubules culminate, reduces to form epididymis

Question 20

epididymis

Answer 20

produces spermatozoa & facilitates maturation
recycles damaged/unused spermatozoa

Question 21

vas deferens

Answer 21

carries maturing sperm to ejaculatory duct from epididymis through spermatic cord

Question 22

vasectomy

Answer 22

transection of the vas deferens
prevents sperm from becoming part of ejaculate

Question 23

testicular cancer

Answer 23

neoplasm of the testicles, easy to ID and treatable (can remove testicle)

Question 24

seminal vesicle

Answer 24

liquifies semen, 60% of the seminal volume
where vas deferens meet inside prostate at ejaculatory duct
secretes fructose to keep sperm alive and give them energy

Question 25

prostate gland

Answer 25

liquifies semen, 30% of the seminal volume, is a chemical factory
prostatic urethra runs through it
changes the pH of the ejaculate to counteract the acidity of the vagina

Question 26

membranous urethra

Answer 26

runs through pelvic diaphragm

Question 27

penile urethra

Answer 27

runs through penis to external urethral orifice

Question 28

prostate hyperplasia/hypertrophy

Answer 28

prostate grows as male ages, can distort/stretch trigone of bladder which is full of baroreceptors and makes the bladder feel full.
micturition becomes difficult
40-60 yo = 60% chance 70+yo = 95% chance

Question 29

prostatic cancer

Answer 29

if caught early, male can still live for decades

Question 30

TURP procedure

Answer 30

trans-urethral resection of prostate
tool is inserted into external urethral orifice, through the penile urethra, membranous urethra, and into prostatic urethra where the tool chews some of the prostate gland so male can urinate

Question 31

bulbourethral gland

Answer 31

in membranous urethra, 5% of seminal volume
produces alkaline fluid to lubricate penile urethra

Question 32

seminal fluid

Answer 32

20-100 mill sperm per mL so 20-500 mill sperm per ejaculate
high fructose concentration
pH: 7.2-7.8

Question 33

scrotum

Answer 33

pendant pouch of skin, sweat glands, hair, contains spermatic cord
cooler for testis (32-35C)

Question 34

scrotum - pampiniform plexus

Answer 34

testicular veins that wrap around testicular a.s that bring in 37C blood and cools it before it gets to the testes.
testicular a. is convoluted so there is more length for testicular v. to wrap around and cool blood

Question 35

scrotum - cremaster m.

Answer 35

encloses spermatic cord & scrotum
pulls testes in if cold, relaxes when hot = cremaster reflex

Question 36

corpora cavernosa

Answer 36

paired hemotumescent bodies at dorsum of penis
each corpus is attached to penis via crus/crura

Question 37

ischiocavernosus m.

Answer 37

surrounds each crus/crura, skeletal muscle

Question 38

erection

Answer 38

veins don’t allow blood to leave as fast

Question 39

corpus spongiosum

Answer 39

single hemotumescent body at venter of penis, terminates at glans
bulb is located just above testes, proximal ridge on shaft of penis
penile urethra perforates both bulb & glans

Question 40

bulbospongiosum m.

Answer 40

surrounds bulb & corpus, skeletal muscle
contractions helps expel urine/semen from urethra

Question 41

deep fascia of the penis

Answer 41

binds corpora (crus/crura) and their m.s together
corpora starts at ischial tuberosities

Question 42

prepuce of the penis

Answer 42

forskin, extends over glans

Question 43

sperm pathway

Answer 43

1. seminiferous tubules produce sperm/testosterone
2. seminiferous tubules coalesce to form efferent ducts
3. efferent ducts coalesce to from epididymis
4. epididymis narrows to become vas deferens
5. vas deferens travels through spermatic cord, enters abdomen through inguinal canal, descends above then behind bladder, expands to form ampulla near ejaculatory duct.
6. Ejaculatory duct = vas deferens + duct of seminal vesicle
7. prostatic urethra
8. membranous urethra
9. penile urethra
10. Exit via external urethral orifice