Lecture Outline #15 Flashcards
CNS development
ectoderm folds inward to form a hollow neural tube, central canal extends and ends expand to ventricles and are filled with CSF
3 primary brain vesicles
prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hindbrain
telencephalon
cerebrum, lobes
tel - cerebral functions
conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage & processing, and regulation of in-/voluntary somatic motor patterns
tel - hollow
lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum
tel - surface features
gyri - elevated ridges, increases surface area for more room for thought.
sulci - cleft-like depressions
lateral sulcus - separates temporal lobe from parietal & frontal
fissures - deeper grooves between lobes/regions
longitudinal fissure - separates cerebrum
transverse fissure - separates cerebrum & cerebellum
tel - hemispheres
right - sensory information, spatial relationships, artistic, creative, emotional response, self-awareness, feelings
left - language, reading, writing, speaking, logic
corpus callosum - (commissure) connects communication btw R&L brain, females = thicker and more activity
tel - frontal lobe - prefrontal cortex
emotion, motivation, new memories (short-term), behavioral regulation, sense of time, reasoning, thought-processing
tel - frontal lobe - speech center
Broca’s area - breathing/vocalization, left temporal side (97%)
tel - frontal lobe - pre-central gyrus
primary motor cortex - motor humunculus
tel - parietal lobe - central sulcus
separates parietal & frontal lobe
tel - parietal lobe - post-central gyrus
primary sensory cortex - sensory homunculus
navigation, touch, pressure, pain receptors
tel - temporal lobe
auditory cortex, petrous part of bone protects ossicles, olfactory & gustatory corticles - special senses
new memories (short-term) & language
tel - occipital lobe
visual cortex
Alzheimer’s Disease
neurological condition from genetic mutations/environmental factors. degradation of brain cells, loss of neurons/synapses, remember long-term not short-term, ventricles open up & lose surface area of gyri
senility
75% senile dementia is Alzheimer’s related, deterioration of organizational/focus tasks, memory loss (short then long term)
di - box
epithalamus - roof
thalamus - walls
hypothalamus - floor
3rd ventricle - chamber
interthalamic adhesion - middle connecting point of 3rd vent
di - pineal gland
secretes melatonin (sleep patterns) and perceives light
held up by habenula
di - thalamus
relay/processing center for sensory info
fornix - memory formation
mammillary body - memory
di - hypothalamus
coordinates the ANS - controls thirst, appetite, body temperature
coordinates the endocrine system - secretes hormones (oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone ADH)
integrates sensory & motor commands related to emotion
pituitary glad is rests in sella turcica and is suspended by the infundibulum
mes - corpora quadrigemina
integrates
vision (superior colliculi - 2)
hearing (inferior colliculi - 2)
mes - red nucleus
blood filled area that maintains muscle tone & posture
mes - substantia nigra
creates neurotransmitter dopamine
drop in dopamine causes increased muscle tone
cocaine
mes - binds/blocks the transporter & dopamine stays on the postsynaptic receptors
parkinsons disease
mes - too much or too little dopamine causing oppositional muscles to fire and tremors
mes - cerebral peduncles
support cerebrum and attach to brainstem
connect tel & met through white matter
met - cerebellum
coordinates postural/skeletal muscles
programming of subconscious/repetitive movements
two hemispheres & vermis (worm structure separating)
folia - folds
arbor vitae - grey-white matter pattern
purkinje cells - highly branched cells giving cerebellum dark look
cerebellar peduncles - links cerebellum to brainstem & pons, allow communication between -bellum & pons
4th ventricle
met - pons
4 CNs (V, VI, VII, VIII)
respiratory fine-tuning center
sleep paralysis
mye - medulla oblongata
transition from to brain to spinal cord (switch of grey/white matter),
5 CNs (VII,IX, X, XI, XII)
autonomic centers for visceral function
- cardiovascular - heart rate
- respiratory - breath rate
- digestive systems - GI tract speed
compression within foramen magnum can lead to death
4th vent terminates here for central canal to run
grey matter redox -brum&-bellum
neuron bodies make up the cortex/cortical surface or non-cortical concentrations of cells - nucleus
white matter redox -brum&-bellum
association/arcurate fibers - btw. gyri within a hemisphere
commissural fibers btw gyri of oppositional hemispheres
projection fibers ascend/descend to CNS
longitudinal fibers/fasciculi are anterior/posterior
limbic system
group of brain structures that help regulate emotion/behavior
links conscious thought w/ autonomic functions of brainstem (behavior & emotional states, thirst, hunger sex)
learning & storage/recall of long-term memory
limbic system structures
amygdala, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, dendate gyrus, body of fornix, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, olfactory bulb, septal nuclei, thalamus, uncus.
synesthesia
hereditary neurological condition, cross-wiring of nerves.
letters/numbers may be interpreted as colors, sounds can be seen, shapes have a taste
layers of head
scalp - epicranius - periosteum - skull - dura mater (endosteum) - arachnoid - brain w/ pia mater
falx cerebri
runs between cerebral hemispheres and is anchored anteriorly to crista galli
falx cerebelli
runs between cerebellar hemispheres and sits on vermis
tentorium cerebelli
runs between cerebrum and cerebellum in transverse fissure
diaphragma sellae
encloses the pituitary gland in the sella turcica
dural sinus
delamination of dura mater, forms cavity for venous blood, reflects off of endosteum
dural sinuses
superior & inferior sagittal sinus - falx cerebri
straight sinus - tentorium cerebelli
transverse sinus - tentorium cerebelli
sigmoid sinus - terminates at jugular foramen, tentorium cerebelli
cavernous sinus - by pituitary gland
confluence of sinuses - superior sagittal, straight, and transverse
choroid plexus
1 @ lateral vents to 3rd
1 @ 3rd to 4th
capillary beds in each ventricle
CSF is blood that loses plasma through refined filtration
CSF flow
choroid plexus of lateral vents - lateral vents thru interventricular foramen - 3rd vent w/ choroid plexus thru mesencephalic aqueduct - 4th vent w/choroid plexus - central canal/apertures - subarachnoid space - arachnoid granulations - dural sinuses
hydrocephalus
internal - failure for CSF to escape vents
external - failure for CSF to return to dural sinuses
the brain will push out and be damaged
