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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture Exam 4: Ch. 10, 11, and 12 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4: Ch. 10, 11, and 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

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2
Q

What are the tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the ventricles?

A

Chordae tendineae

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3
Q

What is the volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heart beat?

A

Stroke volume (SV)

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4
Q

Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue due to the oxygenation of the blood being transported by each type of vessel. The exceptions to this rule are the ________ arteries and veins.

A

Pulmonary

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5
Q

What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?

A

An autograft

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6
Q

The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation.

A

True

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7
Q

Which of these blood types carries no antigens?

A

Blood type O

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8
Q

The average functional lifespan of an RBC is ________.

A

100-120 days

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9
Q

The vessel that carries oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the fetus is the ________.

A

Umbilical vein

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10
Q

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________.

A

Acute inflammation

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11
Q

Which type of leukocyte kills parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes?

A

Eosinophil

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12
Q

The innate (nonspecific) defense system and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the immune system.

A

True

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13
Q

What is the flow of blood through a capillary bed called?

A

Microcirculation

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14
Q

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

A

Tonsils

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15
Q

Pulmonary arteries transport ________.

A

Blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs

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16
Q

The primary job of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen.

A

True

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17
Q

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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18
Q

What is necessary for the transport of oxygen by an erythrocyte?

A

Hemoglobin

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19
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the diameter of blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction

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20
Q

Which of these pathways correctly traces blood as it travels from the aortic arch to the left arm?

A

Aortic arch, left subclavian artery, left axillary artery, left brachial artery

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a major branch of the coronary arteries?

A

Coronary sinus

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22
Q

Which one of the following represents the correct path for the transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

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23
Q

Which portion of the antibody’s structure determines the antibody’s class?

A

Constant region

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24
Q

What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called?

A

Haptens

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25
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?

A

Lymph nodes

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26
Q

Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) results from the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

P

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27
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________.

A

Macrophages

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28
Q

What hormone controls the rate of erythrocyte production?

A

Erythropoietin

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29
Q

What does fever accomplish?

A

Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process.

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30
Q

What stem cell gives rise to all formed elements?

A

Hemocytoblast

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31
Q

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________.

A

Passive immunity

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32
Q

Erythrocytes ________.

A

Lack a nucleus and most organelles

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33
Q

The heart sounds, “lub” and “dup,” occur when the atria contract and subsequently when the ventricles contract.

A

False

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34
Q

The length of the cardiac cycle is normally ________ second(s) in length.

A

0.8

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35
Q

Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow to and from the heart and the ________.

A

Lungs

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36
Q

The tricuspid valve is located between the ________.

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

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37
Q

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?

A

Helper T cells

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38
Q

The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is ________.

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins

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39
Q

What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)?

A

Lymphocytes

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40
Q

Both platelets and erythrocytes are anucleate.

A

True

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41
Q

Veins draining the head and arms empty into the ________, which carries blood to the right atrium of the heart.

A

Superior vena cava

42
Q

What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called?

A

Xenografts

43
Q

What is the process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump?

A

Agglutination

44
Q

A blood pressure reading of 120/80 mm Hg is written with diastolic pressure over systolic pressure.

A

False

45
Q

Humoral immunity is provided by ________.

A

Antibodies

46
Q

The formation of an insoluble clot during hemostasis is termed ________.

A

Coagulation

47
Q

The blood type that contains both antigens A and B is ________.

A

AB

48
Q

Reductions in venous return cause reductions in both stroke volume and cardiac output.

A

True

49
Q

Blood cells and proteins typically cannot pass across the walls of capillaries and are thus prevented from leaving or entering the capillaries.

A

True

50
Q

Life at a high altitude, where less oxygen is available, can lead to a red blood cell disorder known as ________.

A

Polycythemia

51
Q

Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to ________.

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

52
Q

Place these leukocytes in order from the most common to the least common:

1) basophil
2) eosinophil
3) lymphocyte
4) monocyte
5) neutrophil

A

5, 3, 4, 2, 1

53
Q

From what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collects lymph?

A

Right arm

54
Q

Peyer’s patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.

A

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

55
Q

Blood is ________.

A

Slightly alkaline

56
Q

Blood is returned to the right side of the heart from the lungs.

A

False

57
Q

The partition where the bundle branches are located is called the ________.

A

Interventricular septum

58
Q

Erythropoietin is released to stimulate platelet production in response to inadequate amounts of oxygen in the blood.

A

False

59
Q

What part of a red blood cell binds and transports oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

60
Q

A recent blood test shows that Mr. Jimenez’s total WBC count exceeded 11,000 cells/mm3. What is most likely his condition?

A

Leukocytosis

61
Q

The normal resting heart rate is about ________ times per minute.

A

75

62
Q

Which one of the following areas is NOT a pressure point?

A

Renal artery

63
Q

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________.

A

Blood

64
Q

Which of the following arteries is the first branch of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac trunk

65
Q

What is the origin of lymphatic vessels?

A

Veins of the blood vascular system

66
Q

Vascular spasms, a part of process of hemostasis, limit blood loss during blood vessel injury.

A

True

67
Q

When antibodies bind to antigens on foreign blood types, clumping or ________ occurs.

A

Agglutination

68
Q

Abnormally low levels of white blood cells causes a condition known as ________.

A

Leukopenia

69
Q

Normal blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.

A

True

70
Q

What large blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

71
Q

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen.

A

True

72
Q

Which vessel feeds oxygenated blood into the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) of the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery

73
Q

Cytotoxic T cells release perforins to create pores in the target cell’s membrane to kill the cell.

A

True

74
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the ________.

A

Aorta

75
Q

When precapillary sphincters are contracted and closed, blood flows through the shunts and bypasses the tissue cells in that region.

A

True

76
Q

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________.

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

77
Q

Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true?

A

T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses.

78
Q

Exchanges between blood and tissue cells occur in capillary beds.

A

True

79
Q

What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

80
Q

Normal whole blood contains ________ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL.

A

12-18

81
Q

What does the umbilical vein carry?

A

Oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

82
Q

An important plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is ________.

A

Albumin

83
Q

Which blood type(s) can a person with blood type O receive?

A

Blood type O

84
Q

Anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty breathing.

A

True

85
Q

A person with type B blood can receive blood from blood type(s) ________.

A

B, O

86
Q

All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.

A

True

87
Q

The functional blood supply that oxygenates the myocardium is provided by the right and left coronary arteries.

A

True

88
Q

The condition in which maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the baby’s RBCs is called ________.

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

89
Q

What is the muscular layer of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium

90
Q

In fetal circulation, blood travels directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale.

A

True

91
Q

Why do you think Mrs. Gonzalez was prescribed heparin, an anticoagulant?

A

To inhibit the formation of clots

92
Q

The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the ________, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip.

A

Apex

93
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites.

A

True

94
Q

All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the ________.

A

Heart

95
Q

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?

A

Interferons

96
Q

Which formed element is the most abundant in blood?

A

Erythrocyte

97
Q

The matrix of blood is called ________.

A

Plasma

98
Q

The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each beat of the heart is called the ________.

A

Stroke volume

99
Q

What long, hairlike molecules form the basis of a clot during coagulation?

A

Fibrin

100
Q

Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Anatomy and Physiology (61 decks)

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