Lecture Exam 3: Ch. 7, 8, and 9 Flashcards
What is the name of cranial nerve III?
Oculomotor
Which of the following indicates damage to the primary motor area?
Inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles
The pupil is the circular opening in the iris through which light passes.
True
Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called ________.
Androgens
The inability to see distant objects is termed “nearsighted” or ________.
Myopia
Home pregnancy tests check for a hormone in the female’s urine called ________.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.
True
From the optic nerve, the visual pathway continues to the optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, optic radiation, and then visual interpretation occurs in the occipital lobe.
True
The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.
Tight
Aldosterone release is prevented by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone released by the heart.
True
Which hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine and as a result, increases blood volume?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ________.
Proprioceptors
Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid?
Potassium ions
Which of the following is NOT an effect of testosterone on males?
Stimulation of the posterior pituitary
An action potential is caused by an influx of ________ ions into the cell.
Sodium
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.
True
What is the target organ of thyrotropic hormone (TH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Thyroid
Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.
White; gray
Thyroid hormone controls blood calcium levels.
False
Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon’s membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?
Calcium
The adrenal cortex makes three major groups of hormones collectively called catecholamines.
False
The thalamus plays a role in regulation of body temperature, metabolism, and water balance.
False
Dynamic equilibrium receptors that detect information about angular or rotational movements of the head are housed in the ________.
Semicircular canals
Cortisone and cortisol are types of ________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.
Glucocorticoids
Calcitonin is made by the ________ cells of the thyroid gland.
Parafollicular
An astigmatism results from unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens.
True
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine.
True
Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ________.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Antidiuretic hormone promotes both sodium and water retention.
False
Static equilibrium receptors are located in the ________.
Vestibule
The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.
Perineurium
In the second-messenger system, what serves as the first messenger?
The hormone
The target of prolactin is the female breast.
True
What region of the retina lacks photoreceptor cells?
Optic disc (blind spot)
Hearing aids would be most useful for a person with ________.
Conduction deafness
The fibrous covering of the eye consists of the white outer layer, known as the ________, and a transparent portion known as the ________.
Sclera; cornea
The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.
Axon
Sex hormones produced by the ovaries and testes ________.
Promote the formation of sex cells
What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?
Thalamus
Growth hormone promotes the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body.
True
Some people purchase melatonin as an over-the-counter medication. For what specific purpose?
Sleep aid
The ciliary body is a smooth muscle structure to which the lens is attached.
True
The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.
Meninges
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood concentration of calcium ions. This mechanism operates by a ________.
Humoral stimulus
The spinal cord terminates by vertebra ________.
L3
What sensation is related to sitting motionless at a desk studying your anatomy and physiology material?
Static equilibrium
The five taste sensations are ________.
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
What is the reflexive movement of both eyes medially to view objects close to us?
Convergence
The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is the ________.
Vitreous humor (body)
Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can’t vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.
Broca’s area
Which of the following is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release?
Angiotensin II
Most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.
True
The vibration of sound waves causes the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to move against an ossicle known as ________.
Malleus or hammer
Beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce a hormone known as ________ while the alpha cells produce a hormone known as ________.
Insulin; glucagon
What are the three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain?
Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
Ganglia are collections of ________.
Cell bodies
Cones are photoreceptor cells that allow us to see gray tones in dim light.
False
How would you classify a hormone that is made from cholesterol, such as a sex hormone?
Steroid hormone
The bony labyrinth of the internal ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and the semicircular canals.
True
In which cerebral lobe is the primary somaticsensory cortex located?
Parietal
What are the two major functional properties of neurons?
Irritability and conductivity
What specific part of the midbrain houses reflex centers for vision and hearing?
Corpora quadrigemina
Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
The function of the choroid layer of the eye is to ________.
Prevent light from scattering inside the eye
Water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones, activate target cells using ________.
The second-messenger system
Glucocorticoids regulate both water and salt content of the blood.
False
The small, peglike projections of the tongue’s surface are called ________.
Papillae
Which of the following hormones decreases blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull are called ________.
Otoliths
When blood glucose levels are too high, the beta cells of the pancreas release ________ to decrease levels.
Insulin
The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles.
True
Most hormones are ________.
Released upon stimulation by other hormones
What reflexes stimulate skeletal muscles?
Somatic
Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
The “fight-or-flight” response triggers the release of ________.
Epinephrine
The pineal gland produces ________.
Melatonin
The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone, is called ________.
Renin
The transparent portion of the fibrous layer of the eye is the ________.
Cornea
What membrane divides the outer ear from the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulation production of red blood cells by the bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized?
Sodium ions
Depolarization of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell.
True
The hypothalamus makes two hormones, ________ and ________, that are stored by the posterior pituitary.
Oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina is the ________.
Lens
Acromegaly is a condition that results from the hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended.
True
What part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity?
Fovea centralis
The aqueous humor of the eye is reabsorbed into venous blood through the ________.
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
What gland releases catecholamines?
Adrenal medulla
The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.
True
An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube to the ________.
Middle ear
What is the ability of the eye to focus on close objects?
Accommodation
Cranial nerve X is the vestibulocochlear nerve, its fibers carry sensations of hearing and equilibrium to the brain.
False
Damage to the cervical nerve plexus can cause problems with ________.
Breathing
The hypothalamus is the “emotional-visceral” center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________.
Limbic system
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.
Diencephalon interbrain
Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the ________.
Optic chiasma
Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to ________.
Reabsorb sodium ions
Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones?
Retina
Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine.
True
A graded potential is to local depolarization as an action potential is to a nerve impulse.
True
