Lecture Exam 3: Ch. 7, 8, and 9

Question 1

What is the name of cranial nerve III?

Answer 1

Oculomotor

Question 2

Which of the following indicates damage to the primary motor area?

Answer 2

Inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles

Question 3

The pupil is the circular opening in the iris through which light passes.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called ________.

Answer 4

Androgens

Question 5

The inability to see distant objects is termed “nearsighted” or ________.

Answer 5

Myopia

Question 6

Home pregnancy tests check for a hormone in the female’s urine called ________.

Answer 6

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 7

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

From the optic nerve, the visual pathway continues to the optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, optic radiation, and then visual interpretation occurs in the occipital lobe.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.

Answer 9

Tight

Question 10

Aldosterone release is prevented by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone released by the heart.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Which hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine and as a result, increases blood volume?

Answer 11

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ________.

Answer 12

Proprioceptors

Question 13

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid?

Answer 13

Potassium ions

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an effect of testosterone on males?

Answer 14

Stimulation of the posterior pituitary

Question 15

An action potential is caused by an influx of ________ ions into the cell.

Answer 15

Sodium

Question 16

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is the target organ of thyrotropic hormone (TH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Answer 17

Thyroid

Question 18

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

Answer 18

White; gray

Question 19

Thyroid hormone controls blood calcium levels.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon’s membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

Answer 20

Calcium

Question 21

The adrenal cortex makes three major groups of hormones collectively called catecholamines.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

The thalamus plays a role in regulation of body temperature, metabolism, and water balance.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Dynamic equilibrium receptors that detect information about angular or rotational movements of the head are housed in the ________.

Answer 23

Semicircular canals

Question 24

Cortisone and cortisol are types of ________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.

Answer 24

Glucocorticoids

Question 25

Calcitonin is made by the ________ cells of the thyroid gland.

Answer 25

Parafollicular

Question 26

An astigmatism results from unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ________.

Answer 28

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 29

Antidiuretic hormone promotes both sodium and water retention.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Static equilibrium receptors are located in the ________.

Answer 30

Vestibule

Question 31

The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.

Answer 31

Perineurium

Question 32

In the second-messenger system, what serves as the first messenger?

Answer 32

The hormone

Question 33

The target of prolactin is the female breast.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What region of the retina lacks photoreceptor cells?

Answer 34

Optic disc (blind spot)

Question 35

Hearing aids would be most useful for a person with ________.

Answer 35

Conduction deafness

Question 36

The fibrous covering of the eye consists of the white outer layer, known as the ________, and a transparent portion known as the ________.

Answer 36

Sclera; cornea

Question 37

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

Answer 37

Axon

Question 38

Sex hormones produced by the ovaries and testes ________.

Answer 38

Promote the formation of sex cells

Question 39

What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?

Answer 39

Thalamus

Question 40

Growth hormone promotes the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Some people purchase melatonin as an over-the-counter medication. For what specific purpose?

Answer 41

Sleep aid

Question 42

The ciliary body is a smooth muscle structure to which the lens is attached.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

Answer 43

Meninges

Question 44

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood concentration of calcium ions. This mechanism operates by a ________.

Answer 44

Humoral stimulus

Question 45

The spinal cord terminates by vertebra ________.

Answer 45

L3

Question 46

What sensation is related to sitting motionless at a desk studying your anatomy and physiology material?

Answer 46

Static equilibrium

Question 47

The five taste sensations are ________.

Answer 47

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

Question 48

What is the reflexive movement of both eyes medially to view objects close to us?

Answer 48

Convergence

Question 49

The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is the ________.

Answer 49

Vitreous humor (body)

Question 50

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.

Answer 50

Broca's area

Question 51

Which of the following is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release?

Answer 51

Angiotensin II

Question 52

Most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

The vibration of sound waves causes the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to move against an ossicle known as ________.

Answer 53

Malleus or hammer

Question 54

Beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce a hormone known as ________ while the alpha cells produce a hormone known as ________.

Answer 54

Insulin; glucagon

Question 55

What are the three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain?

Answer 55

Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

Question 56

Ganglia are collections of ________.

Answer 56

Cell bodies

Question 57

Cones are photoreceptor cells that allow us to see gray tones in dim light.

Answer 57

False

Question 58

How would you classify a hormone that is made from cholesterol, such as a sex hormone?

Answer 58

Steroid hormone

Question 59

The bony labyrinth of the internal ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and the semicircular canals.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

In which cerebral lobe is the primary somaticsensory cortex located?

Answer 60

Parietal

Question 61

What are the two major functional properties of neurons?

Answer 61

Irritability and conductivity

Question 62

What specific part of the midbrain houses reflex centers for vision and hearing?

Answer 62

Corpora quadrigemina

Question 63

Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 63

Ependymal cells

Question 64

The function of the choroid layer of the eye is to ________.

Answer 64

Prevent light from scattering inside the eye

Question 65

Water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones, activate target cells using ________.

Answer 65

The second-messenger system

Question 66

Glucocorticoids regulate both water and salt content of the blood.

Answer 66

False

Question 67

The small, peglike projections of the tongue's surface are called ________.

Answer 67

Papillae

Question 68

Which of the following hormones decreases blood glucose levels?

Answer 68

Insulin

Question 69

Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull are called ________.

Answer 69

Otoliths

Question 70

When blood glucose levels are too high, the beta cells of the pancreas release ________ to decrease levels.

Answer 70

Insulin

Question 71

The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles.

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Most hormones are ________.

Answer 72

Released upon stimulation by other hormones

Question 73

What reflexes stimulate skeletal muscles?

Answer 73

Somatic

Question 74

Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?

Answer 74

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Question 75

The "fight-or-flight" response triggers the release of ________.

Answer 75

Epinephrine

Question 76

The pineal gland produces ________.

Answer 76

Melatonin

Question 77

The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone, is called ________.

Answer 77

Renin

Question 78

The transparent portion of the fibrous layer of the eye is the ________.

Answer 78

Cornea

Question 79

What membrane divides the outer ear from the middle ear?

Answer 79

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Question 80

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulation production of red blood cells by the bone marrow?

Answer 80

Erythropoietin

Question 81

What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized?

Answer 81

Sodium ions

Question 82

Depolarization of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

The hypothalamus makes two hormones, ________ and ________, that are stored by the posterior pituitary.

Answer 83

Oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 84

The biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina is the ________.

Answer 84

Lens

Question 85

Acromegaly is a condition that results from the hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

What part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity?

Answer 86

Fovea centralis

Question 87

The aqueous humor of the eye is reabsorbed into venous blood through the ________.

Answer 87

Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

Question 88

What gland releases catecholamines?

Answer 88

Adrenal medulla

Question 89

The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.

Answer 89

True

Question 90

An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube to the ________.

Answer 90

Middle ear

Question 91

What is the ability of the eye to focus on close objects?

Answer 91

Accommodation

Question 92

Cranial nerve X is the vestibulocochlear nerve, its fibers carry sensations of hearing and equilibrium to the brain.

Answer 92

False

Question 93

Damage to the cervical nerve plexus can cause problems with ________.

Answer 93

Breathing

Question 94

The hypothalamus is the "emotional-visceral" center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________.

Answer 94

Limbic system

Question 95

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

Answer 95

Diencephalon interbrain

Question 96

Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the ________.

Answer 96

Optic chiasma

Question 97

Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to ________.

Answer 97

Reabsorb sodium ions

Question 98

Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones?

Answer 98

Retina

Question 99

Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine.

Answer 99

True

Question 100

A graded potential is to local depolarization as an action potential is to a nerve impulse.

Answer 100

True