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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch.1: The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Ch.1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A
  • Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

* Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

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2
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A
  • Large structures

* Easily observable

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3
Q

What is the digestive system, what does it consist of, and what is its function?

A
  • Includes the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs
  • Breaks down food
  • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
  • Eliminates indigestible material as feces
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4
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A
  • Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye

* Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope

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5
Q

What is the anatomy of the digestive

system?

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum

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6
Q

What is the anatomy of the stomach?

A

Gastric pits, pyloric sphincters, surface epithelium, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, gastric glands, and chief cells.

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7
Q

What is physiology?

A
  • Study of how the body and its parts work or function
  • Structure determines what functions can occur
  • For example, the air sacs of the lungs have very thin walls, a feature that enables them to exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body
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8
Q

What are the six levels of structural

organization?

A
  • Atoms
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organisms
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9
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A
  • Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails
  • Waterproofs the body
  • Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury
  • Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight
  • Excretes salts in perspiration
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
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10
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A
  • Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
  • Provides muscle attachment for movement
  • Protects vital organs
  • Site of blood cell formation
  • Stores minerals
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11
Q

What is the muscular system?

A
  • Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)

* Produces movement of bones

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12
Q

What is the nervous system, what does it consist of, and what is its function?

A
  • Fast-acting control system
  • Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
  • Responds to internal and external stimuli
  • Sensory receptors detect changes
  • Messages are sent to the central nervous system
  • Central nervous system assesses information and activates effectors (muscles and glands)
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13
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood

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14
Q

What body functions are controlled by hormones?

A
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Use of nutrients
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15
Q

Which glands comprise the endocrine system?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid and parathyroid
  • Adrenal glands
  • Thymus
  • Pancreas
  • Pineal gland
  • Ovaries (females) and testes (males)
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16
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Includes heart and blood vessels
  • Heart pumps blood
  • Vessels transport blood to tissues
17
Q

What does blood transport?

A
  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Nutrients
  • Hormones
  • Blood also contains white blood cells and chemicals that provide protection from foreign invaders
18
Q

What is the lymphatic system, what does it consist of, and what is its function?

A
  • Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs
  • Complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids back to bloodstream
  • Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood
  • Houses white blood cells, which are involved in immunity
19
Q

What is the respiratory system and what does it consist of?

A
  • Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
  • Gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs in the lungs which supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
20
Q

What is the urinary system and what does it consist of?

A
  • Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
  • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
  • Maintains acid-base balance
  • Regulates water and electrolyte balance
  • Helps regulate normal blood pressure
21
Q

What is the male reproductive system and what does it consist of?

A
  • For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system
  • Testes produce sperm
  • Duct system carries sperm to exterior
22
Q

What is the female reproductive

system?

A
  • For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
  • Ovaries produce eggs
  • Uterus provides site of development for fetus
23
Q

What are the necessary functions to maintain life?

A
  • Maintaining boundaries
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness (irritability)
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
24
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • Chemical reactions within the body
  • Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones
  • Builds larger molecules from smaller ones
  • Produces energy (ATP)
  • Regulated by hormones
25
Q

What are survival needs?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Normal body temperature
  • Atmospheric pressure
26
Q

What are directional terms?

A

Explain location of one body structure in relation to another

27
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions

* Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

28
Q

Main controlling systems in homeostasis

A
  • Nervous system

* Endocrine system

29
Q

What does homeostatic imbalance cause?

A

• A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

30
Q

All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three components

A
  • A receptor responds to changes in the environment stimuli and sends information to control center along an afferent pathway
  • The control center determines set point, analyzes information, and determines appropriate response
  • An effector provides a means for response to the stimulus and information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway
31
Q

What are the two types of feedback mechanisms?

A
  • Negative feedback

* Positive feedback

32
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
  • Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
  • Works like a household thermostat
33
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • Rare in the human body
  • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
  • Reaction occurs at a faster rate
  • In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

Anatomy and Physiology (61 decks)

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