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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch.11: The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch.11: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A
  • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
  • The heart pumps blood
  • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
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2
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells

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3
Q

What is the size of the heart?

A

Size of a human fist, weighing less than a pound

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4
Q

What is the location of the heart?

A

Located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

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5
Q

What is the orientation of the heart?

A
  • Apex is directed toward left hip and rests on the diaphragm
  • Base points toward right shoulder
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6
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A double-walled sac

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7
Q

Fibrous pericardium is _____ and _____.

A
  • Loose

* Superficial

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8
Q

Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and is composed of what two layers?

A
  1. Parietal pericardium: outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
  2. Visceral pericardium: next to heart; also known as the epicardium
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9
Q

Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium, called the:

A

Pericardial cavity

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10
Q

What are the layers of the walls of the heart?

A 
Epicardium
• Outside layer; the visceral pericardium
Myocardium
• Middle layer
• Mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium
• Inner layer known as endothelium
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11
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • Atria (right and left)

* Ventricles (right and left)

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12
Q

What are the atria (right and left) of the heart?

A
  • Receiving chambers
  • Assist with filling the ventricles
  • Blood enters under low pressure
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13
Q

What are the ventricles (right and left) of the heart?

A
  • Discharging chambers
  • Thick-walled pumps of the heart
  • During contraction, blood is propelled into circulation
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14
Q

What is the interatrial septum?

A

Separates the two atria longitudinally

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15
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

Separates the two ventricles longitudinally

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16
Q

What are heart functions as a double pump?

A
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart

* Veins carry blood toward the heart

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17
Q

What is a double pump?

A
  • Right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump

* Left side works as the systemic circuit pump

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18
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
  • Blood is pumped out of right side through the pulmonary trunk, which splits into pulmonary arteries and takes oxygen-poor blood to lungs
  • Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart from the lungs via pulmonary veins
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19
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out into the aorta
• Blood circulates to systemic arteries and to all body tissues
• Left ventricle has thicker walls because it pumps blood to the body through the systemic circuit
Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via systemic veins, which empty blood into the superior or inferior vena cava

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20
Q

Heart valves allow blood to flow in only _____, to prevent _____.

A

• One direction
all body tissues
• Backflow

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21
Q

What are atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A
  • Between atria and ventricles
  • Left AV valve: bicuspid (mitral) valve
  • Right AV valve: tricuspid valve
  • Anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae to the walls of the ventricles
  • Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively fills the chambers
  • Closed during ventricular contraction
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22
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A
  • Between ventricle and artery
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • Closed during heart relaxation
  • Open during ventricular contraction
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23
Q

Valves _____ and _____ in response to _____ in the heart.

A
  • Open
  • Close
  • Pressure changes
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24
Q

Blood in the _____ does not nourish the _____.

A
  • Heart chambers

* Myocardium

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25
Q

The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of:

A
  • Coronary arteries—branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
  • Cardiac veins—drain the myocardium of blood
  • Coronary sinus—a large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins
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26
Q

Blood empties into the _____ via the _____.

A
  • Right atrium

* Coronary sinus

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27
Q

What is the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

A

• Cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously and independently of nerve impulses
• Spontaneous contractions occur in a regular and continuous way
*Atrial cells beat 60 times per minute
*Ventricular cells beat 20−40 times per minute
*Need a unifying control system—the intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

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28
Q

What are the two systems which regulate heart activity in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

A

• Autonomic nervous system
• Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system
*Sets the heart rhythm
*Composed of special nervous tissue
*Ensures heart muscle depolarization in one direction only (atria to ventricles)
*Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute

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29
Q

Concept Link 1

A

This is very similar to the one-way generation of an action potential as it travels down the axon of a neuron like a wave (Chapter 7, p p. 234-236). The signals that stimulate cardiac muscle contraction also travel one way throughout the intrinsic conduction system.

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30
Q

What are the components of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

A

• Sinoatrial (SA) node
*Located in the right atrium
*Serves as the heart’s pacemaker
• Atrioventricular (AV) node is at the junction of the atria and ventricles
• Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) and bundle branches are in the interventricular septum
• Purkinje fibers spread within the ventricle wall muscles
• The sinoatrial node (SA node) starts each heartbeat
• Impulse spreads through the atria to the AV node
• Atria contract
• At the AV node, the impulse is delayed briefly
• Impulse travels through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
• Ventricles contract; blood is ejected from the heart

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31
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

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32
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minutes

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33
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

One complete heartbeat, in which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax
• Systole = contraction
• Diastole = relaxation

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34
Q

Average heart rate is approximately __ beats per minute.

A

75

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35
Q

Cardiac cycle length is normally __ seconds.

A

0.8

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36
Q

What is atrial diastole (ventricular filling)?

A
  • Heart is relaxed
  • Pressure in heart is low
  • Atrioventricular valves are open
  • Blood flows passively into the atria and into ventricles
  • Semilunar valves are closed
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37
Q

What is atrial systole?

A
  • Ventricles remain in diastole
  • Atria contract
  • Blood is forced into the ventricles to complete ventricular filling
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38
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A
  • Atrial systole ends; ventricular systole begins
  • Intraventricular pressure rises
  • AV valves close
  • For a moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers
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39
Q

What is ventricular systole (ejection phase)?

A
  • Ventricles continue to contract
  • Intraventricular pressure now surpasses the pressure in the major arteries leaving the heart
  • Semilunar valves open
  • Blood is ejected from the ventricles
  • Atria are relaxed and filling with blood
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40
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

A
  • Ventricular diastole begins
  • Pressure falls below that in the major arteries
  • Semilunar valves close
  • For another moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers
  • When atrial pressure increases above intraventricular pressure, the AV valves open
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41
Q

What are types of heart sounds?

A
  • Lub—longer, louder heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves
  • Dup—short, sharp heart sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole
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42
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in 1 minute

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43
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A
  • Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat)
  • About 70 milliliter of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat
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44
Q

What is a typical heart rate (HR)?

A

Typically 75 beats per minute

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45
Q

Cardiac output is the product of the _____ and the _____.

A
  • Heart rate (HR)
  • Stroke volume (SV)
  • CO = HR X SV
  • CO = HR (75 beats/min) X SV (70 ml/beat)
  • CO = 5250 ml/min = 5.25 L/min
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46
Q

What is regulation of stroke volume?

A

• 60 percent of blood in ventricles (about 70 milliliter) is pumped with each heartbeat
• Starling’s law of the heart
*The critical factor controlling S V is how much cardiac muscle is stretched
*The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
• Venous return is the important factor influencing the stretch of heart muscle

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47
Q

What are the factors that modify basic heart rates?

A
  • Neural (ANS) controls
  • Hormones and ions
  • Physical factors
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48
Q

How do neural (ANS) controls modify basic heart rates?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate

* Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady the heart rate

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49
Q

How do hormones and ions modify basic heart rates?

A
  • Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate

* Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions also modify heart activity

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50
Q

How do physical factors modify basic heart rates?

A

Age, gender, exercise, body temperature influence heart rate

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51
Q

Blood vessels form a closed vascular system that transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart

A
  • Closed vascular system
  • Tissues
  • Heart
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52
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart:

A

Arteries and arterioles

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53
Q

Vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissues and blood

A

Capillary beds

54
Q

Vessels that return blood toward the heart

A

Venules and veins

55
Q

What are the three layers (tunics) in blood vessels (except the capillaries)?

A

Tunica intima forms a friction-reducing lining
• Endothelium
Tunica media
• Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
• Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Tunica externa forms protective outermost covering
• Mostly fibrous connective tissue
• Supports and protects the vessel

56
Q

What are the structural differences in arteries, veins, and capillaries?

A

• Arteries have a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure
• Veins have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure
*Veins also have valves to prevent backflow of blood
*Lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries
*Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart

57
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

• Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima)
• Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
• Form networks called capillary beds that consist of:
*A vascular shunt
*True capillaries
• Blood flow through a capillary bed is known as microcirculation

58
Q

What is the structure of true capillaries?

A
  • Branch off a terminal arteriole
  • Empty directly into a postcapillary venule
  • Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by precapillary sphincters
59
Q

What is the aorta?

A
  • Largest artery in the body

* Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart

60
Q

What are the regions of the aorta?

A
  • Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle
  • Aortic arch—arches to the left
  • Thoracic aorta—travels downward through the thorax
  • Abdominal aorta—passes through the diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity
61
Q

What is the function of the arterial branches of the ascending aorta?

A

Right and left coronary arteries serve the heart

62
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the:

A
  • Right common carotid artery

* Right subclavian artery

63
Q

Left common carotid artery splits into the:

A

• Left internal and external carotid arteries

64
Q

Left subclavian artery branches into the:

A
  • Vertebral artery

* In the axilla, the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery → brachial artery → radial and ulnar arteries

65
Q

What are the arterial branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

• Intercostal arteries supply the muscles of the thorax wall
• Other branches of the thoracic aorta (not illustrated) supply the:
*Lungs (bronchial arteries)
*Esophagus (esophageal arteries)
*Diaphragm (phrenic arteries)

66
Q

What is the first arterial branch of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac trunk

67
Q

What are the three arterial branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  1. Left gastric artery (stomach)
  2. Splenic artery (spleen)
  3. Common hepatic artery (liver)
68
Q

Superior mesenteric artery supplies most of the _____ and first half of the _____.

A
  • Small intestine

* Large intestine

69
Q

What are the arterial branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

• Left and right renal arteries (kidney)
• Left and right gonadal arteries
*Ovarian arteries in females serve the ovaries
*Testicular arteries in males serve the testes
• Lumbar arteries serve muscles of the abdomen and trunk

70
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery serves the second half of the:

A

Large intestine

71
Q

Left and right _____ are the final branches of the aorta.

A

Common iliac arteries

72
Q

Internal iliac arteries serve the:

A

Pelvic organs

73
Q

External iliac arteries enter the thigh → _____ → popliteal artery → _____

A
  • Femoral artery

* Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

74
Q

_____ and _____ enter the right atrium of the heart

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Superior vena cava drains the head and arms
  • Inferior vena cava drains the lower body
75
Q

Radial and ulnar veins → brachial vein → _____

A

Axillary vein

76
Q

_____ drains the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the _____.

A
  • Cephalic vein

* Axillary vein

77
Q

_____ drains the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the _____.

A
  • Basilic vein

* Brachial vein

78
Q

_____ and cephalic veins are joined at the _____.

A
  • Basilic

* median cubital vein (elbow area)

79
Q

Subclavian vein receives:

A
  • Venous blood from the arm via the axillary vein

* Venous blood from skin and muscles via external jugular vein

80
Q

_____ drains the posterior part of the head

A

• Vertebral vein

81
Q

_____ drains the dural sinuses of the brain.

A

• Internal jugular vein

82
Q

Left and right brachiocephalic veins receive venous blood from the:

A
  • Subclavian veins
  • Vertebral veins
  • Internal jugular veins
83
Q

Brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava → _____

A

Right atrium of heart

84
Q

Azygos vein drains the _____.

A

Thorax

85
Q

Anterior and posterior _____ veins and _____ veins drain the legs.

A
  • Tibial

* Fibial

86
Q

Posterior tibial vein → _____ → femoral vein → _____

A
  • Popliteal vein

* External iliac vein

87
Q

_____ receive superficial drainage of the legs.

A

Great saphenous veins (longest veins of the body)

88
Q

Each common iliac vein (left and right) is formed by the union of the _____ and _____ vein on its own side.

A
  • Internal

* External iliac

89
Q

_____ drains the right ovary in females and right testicle in males.

A

Right gonadal vein

90
Q

Left gonadal vein empties into the:

A

Left renal vein

91
Q

Left and right renal veins drain the:

A

Kidneys

92
Q

_____ drains the digestive organs and travels through the liver before it enters _____.

A
  • Hepatic portal vein

* Systemic circulation

93
Q

Left and right hepatic veins drain the:

A

Liver

94
Q

Internal carotid arteries divide into:

A
  • Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

* These arteries supply most of the cerebrum

95
Q

Vertebral arteries join once within the skull to form the:

A
  • Basilar artery

* Basilar artery serves the brain stem and cerebellum

96
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries form from the division of the:

A
  • Basilar artery

* These arteries supply the posterior cerebrum

97
Q

What is the result of anterior and posterior blood supplies. which are united by small communicating arterial branches?

A

Complete circle of connecting blood vessels called cerebral arterial circle, or circle of Willis

98
Q

Hepatic portal circulation is formed by veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the:

A
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • Digestive organs
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • Hepatic portal vein carries this blood to the liver, where it is processed before returning to systemic circulation
99
Q

Concept Link 2

A

Like the portal circulation that links the hypothalamus of the brain and the anterior pituitary gland (Chapter 9, p. 313), the hepatic portal circulation is a unique and unusual circulation. Normally, arteries feed capillary beds, which in turn drain into veins. In the hepatic portal circulation, veins feed the liver circulation (Figure 11 .16).

100
Q

What are vital signs?

A

Measurements of arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature

101
Q

What is arterial pulse?

A
  • Alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall (the pressure wave) that occurs as the heart beats
  • Monitored at pressure points in superficial arteries, where pulse is easily palpated
  • Pulse averages 70 to 76 beats per minute at rest, in a healthy person
102
Q

What is blood pressure?

A
  • The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels
  • The force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels
103
Q

Concept Link 3

A

As you remember, in the passive process of filtration, substances move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure through a filter (Chapter 3, p. 76). Blood flow is driven by these same differences in pressure, but without a filter.

104
Q

When the ventricles contract in a blood pressure gradient:

A
  • Blood is forced into elastic arteries close to the heart

* Blood flows along a descending pressure gradient

105
Q

Pressure _____ in blood vessels as distance from the heart _____.

A
  • Decreases

* Increases

106
Q

Pressure is _____ in the arteries, _____ in the capillaries, and _____ in the veins.

A
  • High
  • Lower
  • Lowest
107
Q

What are the two arterial blood pressures are measured?

A

• Systolic—pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction
• Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax
• Expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in millimeters of mercury (m m H g)
*For example, 120/80 mm Hg

108
Q

_____ method is an indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure, most often in the _____.

A
  • Auscultatory

* Brachial artery

109
Q

Arterial blood pressure (BP) is directly related to _____ and _____.

A
  • Cardiac output
  • Peripheral resistance
  • Cardiac output (CO; the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute)
  • Peripheral resistance (PR; the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels)
110
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system has _____ on blood pressure.

A

Little to no effect

111
Q

Sympathetic nervous system promotes _____, which increases _____.

A
  • Vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels)

* Blood pressure

112
Q

What are renal factors which affect blood pressure?

A
  • Kidneys regulate blood pressure by altering blood volume
  • If blood pressure is too high, the kidneys release water in the urine
  • If blood pressure is too low, the kidneys release renin to trigger formation of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor
  • Angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone, which enhances sodium (and water) reabsorption by kidneys
113
Q

How does temperature affect blood pressure?

A
  • Heat has a vasodilating effect

* Cold has a vasoconstricting effect

114
Q

How do chemicals affect blood pressure?

A
  • Various substances can cause increases or decreases in blood pressure
  • Epinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure
115
Q

Concept Link 4

A

Recall that epinephrine is the “fight-or-flight” hormone, which is produced by the adrenal medulla and helps us deal with short-term stress (Chapter 9, p. 323).

116
Q

How does diet affect blood pressure?

A

Commonly believed that a diet low in salt, saturated fats, and cholesterol prevents hypertension (high blood pressure)

117
Q

What is the normal range for blood pressure?

A
  • Systolic pressure ranges from 110 to 140 mm Hg

* Diastolic pressure ranges from 70 to 80 mm Hg

118
Q

What is hypotension?

A
  • Low systolic (below 100 mm Hg)
  • Often associated with illness
  • Acute hypotension is a warning sign for circulatory shock
119
Q

What is hypertension?

A
  • Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg

* Warns of increased peripheral resistance

120
Q

Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) is found between:

A

Cells

121
Q

Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through:

A
  • Capillary walls
  • Exchange is due to concentration gradients
  • Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood and move into tissue cells
  • Carbon dioxide and other wastes exit tissue cells and enter the blood
122
Q

Substances take various routes entering or leaving the blood, such as:

A
  • Direct diffusion through membranes
  • Diffusion through intercellular clefts (gaps between cells in the capillary wall)
  • Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries
  • Transport via vesicles
123
Q

Fluid movement out of or into a capillary depends on the difference between which two pressures?

A
  1. Blood pressure forces fluid and solutes out of capillaries
  2. ​Osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries
124
Q

_____ is higher than _____ at the arterial end of the capillary bed.

A
  • Blood pressure

* Osmotic pressure

125
Q

_____ is lower than _____ at the venous end of the capillary bed.

A
  • Blood pressure

* Osmotic pressure

126
Q

Since blood pressure is higher at the arterial end and osmotic pressure is higher at the venous end of the capillary bed, fluid moves out of the capillary at the _____ of the bed and is reclaimed at the _____ end.

A
  • Blood pressure

* Osmotic pressure

127
Q

In an embryo the heart:

A
  • Develops as a simple tube and pumps blood by week 4 of pregnancy
  • Becomes a four-chambered organ capable of acting as a double pump over the next 3 weeks
128
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A
  • Carries nutrients and oxygen from maternal blood to fetal blood
  • Fetal wastes move from fetal blood to maternal blood
129
Q

What does the umbilical cord house?

A
  • One umbilical vein, which carries nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood to the fetus
  • Two umbilical arteries, which carry wastes and carbon dioxide–rich blood from the fetus to placenta
130
Q

_____ bypassing the lungs and liver are present in a fetus

A

• Shunts
• Blood flow bypasses the liver through the ductus venosus and enters the inferior vena cava → right atrium of heart
• Blood flow bypasses the lungs
*Blood entering right atrium is shunted directly into left atrium through foramen ovale (becomes fossa ovalis at or after birth)
*Ductus arteriosus connects aorta and pulmonary trunk (becomes ligamentum arteriosum at birth)

131
Q

Age-related problems associated with the cardiovascular system include:

A
  • Weakening of venous valves
  • Varicose veins
  • Progressive arteriosclerosis
  • Hypertension resulting from loss of elasticity of vessels
  • Coronary artery disease resulting from fatty, calcified deposits in the vessels

Anatomy and Physiology (61 decks)

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