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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch.13: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch.13: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs—alveoli
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2
Q

Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment occur only in the _____ of the lungs.

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

Upper respiratory tract includes passageways from the _____ to _____.

A
  • Nose

* Larynx

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4
Q

Lower respiratory tract includes passageways from _____ to _____.

A
  • Trachea
  • Alveoli
  • Passageways to the lungs purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air
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5
Q

What is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Nostrils (nares) are the route through which air enters the nose
  • Nasal cavity is the interior of the nose
  • Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity
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6
Q

Concept Link 1

A

Recall that any area open to the outside of the body, including respiratory passages, is lined with mucous membrane (mucosa), which is a “wet,” or moist, membrane (Chapter 4, p.110).

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7
Q

Olfactory receptors are located in the _____ on the superior surface.

A

• Mucosa
• The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa, which
*Moistens air
*Traps incoming foreign particles
*Enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically

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8
Q

Conchae are projections from the:

A
  • Lateral walls
  • Increase surface area
  • Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
  • Increased trapping of inhaled particles
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9
Q

The palate separates the _____ cavity from the _____ cavity.

A
  • Nasal
  • Oral
  • Hard palate is anterior and supported by bone
  • Soft palate is posterior and unsupported
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10
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity

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11
Q

What are the function of sinuses?

A
  • Lighten the skull
  • Act as resonance chambers for speech
  • Produce mucus
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12
Q

What is the pharynx commonly called?

A

The throat

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13
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx

• Continuous with the posterior nasal aperture

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14
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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15
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

Superior region behind nasal cavity

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16
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

Middle region behind mouth

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17
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A

Inferior region attached to larynx

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18
Q

_____ and _____ serve as common passageway for air and food.

A
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Epiglottis routes food into the posterior tube, the esophagus
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19
Q

Pharyngotympanic tubes open into the:

A
  • Nasopharynx

* Drain the middle ear

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20
Q

Tonsils are clusters of _____ that play a role in protecting the body from _____.

A
  • Lymphatic tissue

* Infection

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21
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), a single tonsil, is located in the:

A

Nasopharynx

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22
Q

Palatine tonsils (2) are located in the _____ at the end of the soft palate.

A

Oropharynx

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23
Q

Lingual tonsils (2) are found at the base of the:

A

Tongue

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24
Q

What is the larynx commonly called?

A

The voice box

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25
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • Routes air and food into proper channels

* Plays a role in speech

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26
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Inferior to the pharynx

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27
Q

The larynx is made of eight:

A
  • Rigid hyaline cartilages

* Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) is the largest

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28
Q

What is the epiglottis and what is its function?

A
  • Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage
  • Protects the superior opening of the larynx
  • Routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
  • During swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
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29
Q

What is the function of vocal folds (true vocal cords)?

A
  • Vibrate with expelled air

* Allow us to speak

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30
Q

What does the glottis include?

A
  • Vocal cords

* Opening between the vocal cords

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31
Q

What is the trachea commonly called?

A

Windpipe

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32
Q

What is the trachea?

A
  • 4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx

* Walls are reinforced with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, which keep the trachea patent (open)

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33
Q

The main bronchi are formed by:

A
  • Division of the trachea

* Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

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34
Q

Each bronchus enters the lung at the:

A

Hilum (medial depression)

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35
Q

Right bronchus is _____, _____, and _____ than the left.

A
  • Wider
  • Shorter
  • Straighter
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36
Q

The lungs occupy the entire _____ cavity except for the central _____.

A
  • Thoracic
  • Mediastinum
  • Base rests on the diaphragm
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37
Q

Apex of each lung is near the:

A

• Clavicle (superior portion)

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38
Q

How is each lung is divided into lobes by fissures?

A
  • Left lung—two lobes

* Right lung—three lobes

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39
Q

_____ covers the outer surface of the lungs.

A
  • Serosa
  • Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
  • Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
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40
Q

_____ fills the area between layers of the lungs.

A
  • Pleural fluid
  • Allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
  • Decreases friction during breathing
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41
Q

_____ fills the area between layers of the lungs.

A
  • Pleural fluid
  • Allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
  • Decreases friction during breathing
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42
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A
  • Main bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
  • Bronchial (respiratory) tree is the network of branching passageways
  • All but the smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in the walls
  • Conduits to and from the respiratory zone
  • Bronchioles (smallest conducting passageways)
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43
Q

Terminal bronchioles lead into _____ structures and terminate in _____.

A
  • Respiratory zone

* Alveoli

44
Q

Respiratory zone includes the:

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli (air sacs)—the only site of gas exchange
45
Q

Conducting zone structures include:

A

All other passageways

46
Q

What is alveoli?

A
  • Simple squamous epithelial cells largely compose the walls

* Alveolar pores connect neighboring air sacs

47
Q

_____ cover external surfaces of alveoli

A

Pulmonary capillaries

48
Q

What is respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)?

A
  • On one side of the membrane is air, and on the other side is blood flowing past
  • Formed by alveolar and capillary walls
49
Q

What is respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)?

A
  • On one side of the membrane is air, and on the other side is blood flowing past
  • Formed by alveolar and capillary walls
50
Q

What are alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”)?

A

Add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

51
Q

What is a surfactant (a lipid molecule)?

A
  • Coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

* Secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells

52
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Supply the body with oxygen

Dispose of carbon dioxide

53
Q

Respiration includes what four distinct events?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal respiration
54
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Moving air into and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing)

55
Q

What is external respiration?

A
  • Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
  • Oxygen is loaded into the blood
  • Carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood
56
Q

What is respiratory gas transport?

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

57
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

58
Q

What are the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
  • Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure
59
Q

Concept Link 2

A

Recall that pressure changes also drive other processes in the body, such as filtration (passive transport; Chapter 3, pp. 76–77) and blood flow (Chapter 11). In these processes, substances move from high to low pressure and achieve a specific function, such as membrane transport or circulation.

60
Q

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration = inhalation
• Flow of air into lungs
Expiration = exhalation
• Air leaving lungs

61
Q

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration = inhalation
• Flow of air into lungs
Expiration = exhalation
• Air leaving lungs

62
Q

What are the mechanics of inspiration (inhalation)?

A
  • Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
  • Intrapulmonary volume increases
  • Gas pressure decreases
  • Air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure
63
Q

What are the mechanics of expiration (exhalation)?

A
  • Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
  • Intrapulmonary volume decreases
  • Gas pressure increases
  • Gases passively flow out to equalize the pressure
  • Forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
64
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A
  • The pressure within the pleural space is always negative
  • Major factor preventing lung collapse
  • If intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the lungs recoil and collapse
65
Q

What factors affect respiratory capacity?

A
  • Size
  • Sex
  • Age
  • Physical condition
66
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A
  • Normal quiet breathing

* 500 ml of air is moved in/out of lungs with each breath

67
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A
  • Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
  • Usually around 3,100 milliliter
68
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A
  • Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration
  • Approximately 1,200 milliliter
69
Q

What is residual volume?

A
  • Air remaining in lung after expiration
  • Cannot be voluntarily exhaled
  • Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open (inflated)
  • About 1,200 milliliter
70
Q

What is vital capacity?

A
  • The total amount of exchangeable air
  • Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
  • 4,800 milliliter in men; 3,100 milliliter in women
71
Q

What is dead space volume?

A
  • Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
  • About 150 ml
72
Q

What is functional volume?

A
  • Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

* Usually about 350 ml

73
Q

Respiratory capacities are measured with a:

A

Spirometer

74
Q

Non-respiratory air movements can be caused by _____ or _____.

A
  • Reflexes

* Voluntary actions

75
Q

Examples of non-respiratory air movements include:

A
  • Cough and sneeze—clears lungs of debris
  • Crying—emotionally induced mechanism
  • Laughing—similar to crying
  • Hiccup—sudden inspirations
  • Yawn—very deep inspiration
76
Q

What are the two recognizable sounds that can be heard with a stethoscope?

A
  • Bronchial sounds—produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi
  • Vesicular breathing sounds—soft sounds of air filling alveoli
77
Q

External respiration is an exchange of gases occurring between the _____ and _____ (pulmonary gas exchange).

A
  • Alveoli

* Pulmonary blood

78
Q

Internal respiration is an exchange of gases occurring between the _____ and _____ (systemic capillary gas exchange).

A
  • Blood

* Tissue cells

79
Q

During external respiration:

A

Oxygen is loaded into the blood
• Oxygen diffuses from the oxygen-rich air of the alveoli to the oxygen-poor blood of the pulmonary capillaries
Carbon dioxide is unloaded out of the blood
• Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood of the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli

80
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A
  • Most oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
  • A small dissolved amount is carried in the plasma
81
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A
  • Most carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3−)
  • A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites from those of oxygen
82
Q

Concept Link 3

A

Remember that blood p H should remain between 7.35 and 7.45 (Chapter 10, p. 338). Buffers, such as bicarbonate ion, minimize changes in p H in order to maintain homeostasis.

83
Q

For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli, it must be released from its:

A
  • Bicarbonate form
  • Bicarbonate ions enter RBC
  • Combine with hydrogen ions
  • Form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
  • Carbonic acid splits to form water + CO2
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
84
Q

Internal respiration is an _____ reaction from what occurs in the lungs.

A
  • Opposite
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called loading)
  • Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called unloading)
85
Q

What is neural regulation?

A

Setting the basic rhythm

86
Q

Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by _____ and _____ nerves.

A
  • Phrenic

* Intercostal

87
Q

Neural centers that control rate and depth of respiration are located in the _____ and _____.

A
  • Medulla—sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker (self-exciting inspiratory center) called the ventral respiratory group (VRG)
  • Pons—smoothes out respiratory rate
88
Q

What is eupnea?

A
  • Normal respiratory rate

* 12 to 15 respirations per minute

89
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

Increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs

90
Q

What non-neural factors influence respiratory rate and depth?

A
  • Physical factors such as increased body temperature, exercise, talking, and coughing
  • Volition (conscious control)
  • Emotional factors such as fear, anger, and excitement
  • Chemical factors such as CO2 levels, oxygen levels, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation
91
Q

How do CO2 levels influence rate and depth of respiration?

A
  • The body’s need to rid itself of C O2 is the most important stimulus for breathing
  • Increased levels of carbon dioxide (and thus, a decreased or acidic p H) in the blood increase the rate and depth of breathing
  • Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the medulla oblongata
92
Q

How do oxygen levels influence rate and depth of respiration?

A
  • Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and common carotid artery
  • Information is sent to the medulla
  • Oxygen is the stimulus for those whose systems have become accustomed to high levels of carbon dioxide as a result of disease
93
Q

What is hyperventilation and how does it influence rate and depth of respiration?

A
  • Rising levels of C O2 in the blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper breathing
  • Exhale more C O2 to elevate blood p H
  • May result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis
94
Q

What is hypoventilation and how does it influence rate and depth of respiration?

A
  • Results when blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis)
  • Extremely slow or shallow breathing
  • Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood
95
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is exemplified by:

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

96
Q

Shared features of chronic bronchitis and emphysema include:

A
  1. Patients almost always have a history of smoking
  2. Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively worse
  3. Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
  4. Most COPD patients are hypoxic, retain carbon dioxide and have respiratory acidosis, and ultimately develop respiratory failure
97
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed
  • Excessive mucus production impairs ventilation and gas exchange
  • Patients become cyanotic and are sometimes called “blue bloaters” as a result of chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention
98
Q

What is emphysema?

A
  • Alveoli walls are destroyed; remaining alveoli enlarge
  • Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, and lungs lose elasticity
  • Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale; some air remains in the lungs
  • Sufferers are often called “pink puffers” because oxygen exchange is efficient
  • Over-inflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest
  • Cyanosis appears late in the disease
99
Q

What is lung cancer?

A
  • Leading cause of cancer death for men and women
  • Nearly 90 percent of cases result from smoking
  • Aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly
100
Q

What are the three common types of lung cancer?

A
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Small cell carcinoma
101
Q

Lungs do not fully inflate until __ weeks after birth.

A
  • 2
  • This change from nonfunctional to functional respiration depends on surfactant
  • Surfactant lowers surface tension so the alveoli do not collapse
  • Surfactant is formed late in pregnancy, around 28 to 30 weeks
102
Q

How do respiratory rate changes throughout life?

A
  • Newborns: 40 to 80 respirations per minute
  • Infants: 30 respirations per minute
  • Age 5: 25 respirations per minute
  • Adults: 12 to 18 respirations per minute
  • Rate often increases again in old age
103
Q

What is asthma?

A
  • Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages

* Respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing

104
Q

Most respiratory system problems in youth and those middle aged are a result of external factors, such as _____ and substances that _____ respiratory passageways

A
  • Infections

* Physically block

105
Q

What are aging effects of the respiratory system?

A
  • Elasticity of lungs decreases
  • Vital capacity decreases
  • Blood oxygen levels decrease
  • Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decrease
  • Elderly are often hypoxic and exhibit sleep apnea
  • More risks of respiratory tract infection

Anatomy and Physiology (61 decks)

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