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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch.16: The Reproductive System > Flashcards

Ch.16: The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are gonads?

A
  • Primary sex organs
  • Testes in males
  • Ovaries in females
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2
Q

Gonads produce _____ and secrete _____.

A
  • Gametes (sex cells)
  • Hormones
  • Sperm—male gametes
  • Ova (eggs)—female gametes
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3
Q

What is the anatomy of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Testes
  • Duct system
  • Accessory organs
  • External genitalia
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4
Q

The duct system in the male reproductive system includes:

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
  • Urethra
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5
Q

The accessory organs of the male reproductive system include:

A
  • Seminal glands (vesicles)
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral glands
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6
Q

The external genitalia of the male reproductive system include:

A
  • Penis

* Scrotum

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7
Q

Each testis is connected to the trunk via the spermatic cord, which houses:

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Ductus deferens
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8
Q

Coverings of the testes include:

A
  • Tunica albuginea

* Septa

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9
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Capsule that surrounds each testis

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10
Q

What are septa?

A

Extensions of the tunica albuginea capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules

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11
Q

Each lobule contains _____ to _____ seminiferous tubules

A
  • One
  • Four
  • Tightly coiled structures
  • Function as sperm-forming factories
  • Empty sperm into the rete testis
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12
Q

Sperm travels from the _____ to the _____.

A
  • Rete testis

* Epididymis

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13
Q

_____ in the seminiferous tubules produce _____ such as testosterone.

A
  • Interstitial cells

* Androgens

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14
Q

The duct system transports sperm from the body and includes:

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Urethra
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15
Q

What is the epididymis?

A
  • Highly convoluted tube 6 meters (20 feet) long
  • Found along the posterior lateral side of the testis
  • First part of the male duct system
  • Temporary storage site for immature sperm
  • Sperm mature as they journey through the epididymis
  • During ejaculation, sperm are propelled to the ductus deferens
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16
Q

What is the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

• Runs from the epididymis via the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal and arches over the urinary bladder
*Ampulla
*Ejaculatory duct
• Moves sperm by peristalsis into the urethra
• Ejaculation
• Vasectomy

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17
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

End of the ductus deferens, which empties into the ejaculatory duct

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18
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

Passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra

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19
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward

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20
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes prevents transportation of sperm (form of birth control)

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21
Q

What is the urethra in the male reproductive system?

A
  • Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
  • Carries both urine and sperm
  • Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
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22
Q

What are the regions of the male urethra?

A
  • Prostatic urethra—surrounded by prostate gland
  • Membranous urethra—prostatic urethra to penis
  • Spongy (penile) urethra—runs the length of the penis to the external urethral orifice
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23
Q

Ejaculation causes the internal _____ to close.

A
  • Urethra sphincter
  • Prevents urine from passing into the urethra
  • Prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder
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24
Q

What are the seminal vesicles of the male reproductive system?

A

• Located at the base of the bladder
• Produce a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen) that contains:
*Fructose (sugar)
*Vitamin C
*Prostaglandins
*Other substances that nourish and activate sperm
• Duct of each seminal vesicle joins that of the ductus deferens on each side to form the ejaculatory duct

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25
Q

What is the prostate in the male reproductive system?

A

• Encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra
• Secretes a milky fluid
*Helps to activate sperm
*Fluid enters the urethra through several small ducts

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26
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?

A

• Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
• Produce a thick, clear mucus
*Mucus cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation
*Mucus serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

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27
Q

What is semen?

A

Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

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28
Q

What are the components of accessory gland secretions?

A
  • Liquid portion acts as a transport medium to dilute sperm
  • Sperm are streamlined cellular “tadpoles”
  • Fructose provides energy for sperm cells
  • Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina
  • Semen inhibits bacteria
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29
Q

What is the scrotum ​in the male reproductive system?

A
  • Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes
  • Viable sperm cannot be produced at normal body temperature
  • Maintains testes at 3°Celsius lower than normal body temperature
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30
Q

What is the penis?

A

Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

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31
Q

What are the regions of the penis?

A

• Shaft
• Glans penis (enlarged tip)
• Prepuce (foreskin)
*Folded cuff of skin around proximal end
*Often removed by circumcision
• Internally there are three areas of spongy erectile tissue around the urethra
• Erections occur when this erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitement

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32
Q

What are the chief roles of the male in the reproductive process?

A
  • Produce sperm

* Produce a hormone, testosterone

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33
Q

Sperm production begins at _____ and continues throughout life.

A
  • Puberty

* Millions of sperm are made every day

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34
Q

Sperm are formed in the _____ of the testis.

A
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Spermatogonia (primitive stem cells) begin the process by dividing rapidly
  • During puberty, follicle-stimulating hormone (F S H) is secreted in increasing amounts
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35
Q

Concept Link 1

A

Recall that F S H is a tropic hormone that, in males, targets the testes and stimulates sperm production (Chapter 9, p. 317).

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36
Q

Each division of a spermatogonium stem cell produces:

A
  • Type A daughter cell, a stem cell, that continues the stem cell population
  • Type B daughter cell, which becomes a primary spermatocyte, destined to undergo meiosis and form four sperm
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37
Q

What is meiosis in spermatogenesis?

A
  • Special type of nuclear division that differs from mitosis
  • Occurs in the gonads
  • Includes two successive divisions of the nucleus (meiosis I and II)
  • Results in four daughter cells (gametes)
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38
Q

Gametes are spermatids with __ chromosomes.

A
  • 23
  • 23 chromosomes are half the usual 46 found in other body cells
  • 23 is known as the haploid number (n)—half the genetic material as other body cells
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39
Q

Union of a _____ (23 chromosomes, n) with an _____ (23 chromosomes, n) creates a _____ (2 n, or 46 chromosomes).

A
  • Sperm
  • Egg
  • Zygote
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40
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A
  • Spermatids are nonmotile and not functional as sperm
  • A streamlining process is needed to strip excess cytoplasm from a spermatid and modify it into a sperm
  • A sperm has three regions: head, midpiece, tail
  • Acrosome sits anterior to the sperm head (nucleus)
  • The entire process of spermatogenesis, including spermiogenesis, takes 64 to 72 days
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41
Q

During puberty:

A
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) begins prodding seminiferous tubules to produce sperm
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) begins activating the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
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42
Q

What is testosterone?

A 
• Most important hormonal product of the testes
• Stimulates reproductive organ development
• Underlies sex drive
• Causes secondary sex characteristics
*Deepening of voice
*Increased hair growth
*Enlargement of skeletal muscles
*Increased bone growth and density
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43
Q

What is the anatomy of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Duct system
  • External genitalia
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44
Q

The duct system in the female reproductive system includes:

A
  • Uterine (fallopian) tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
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45
Q

What are ovaries?

A

Produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

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46
Q

Each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of:

A
  • Oocyte (immature egg)

* Follicle cells—layers of different cells that surround the oocyte

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47
Q

What are ovarian follicles?

A
  • Primary follicle—contains an immature oocyte
  • Vesicular (Graafian) follicle—growing follicle with a maturing oocyte
  • Ovulation—the follicle ruptures when the egg is mature and ready to be ejected from the ovary; occurs about every 28 days
  • The ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus luteum
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48
Q

What supports the ovary?

A
  • Suspensory ligaments secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis
  • Ovarian ligaments anchor ovaries to the uterus medially
  • Broad ligaments, a fold of peritoneum, enclose and hold the ovaries in place
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49
Q

What are the uterine (fallopian) tubes?

A
  • Form the initial part of the duct system
  • Receive the ovulated oocyte from the ovaries
  • Provide a site for fertilization
  • Empty into the uterus
  • Little or no contact between ovaries and uterine tubes
  • Supported and enclosed by the broad ligament
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50
Q

What is the uterine (fallopian) tube structure?

A

Infundibulum
• Distal, funnel-shaped end
Fimbriae
• Fingerlike projections of the infundibulum
• Receive the oocyte from the ovary
• Cilia located inside the uterine tube transport the oocyte

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51
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A
  • Situated between the urinary bladder and rectum
  • Size and shape of a pear, in a woman who has never been pregnant
  • Receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg
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52
Q

What supports the uterus?

A
  • Broad ligament suspends the uterus in the pelvis
  • Round ligament anchors the uterus anteriorly
  • Uterosacral ligament anchors the uterus posteriorly
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53
Q

What are the regions of the uterus?

A
  • Body—main portion
  • Fundus—superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters
  • Cervix—narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina
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54
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A
  • Endometrium
  • Myometrium
  • Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum)
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55
Q

What is the endometrium of the uterus?

A
  • Inner layer (mucosa)
  • Site of implantation of a fertilized egg
  • Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation or menses)
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56
Q

What is the myometrium of the uterus?

A

The middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor

57
Q

What is the perimetrium (visceral peritoneum) of the uterus?

A

The outermost serous layer of the uterus

58
Q

What is the vagina?

A
  • Passageway that extends from cervix to exterior of body and is located between urinary bladder and rectum
  • Serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual flow to leave the body
  • Female organ of copulation
  • Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
  • Hymen—partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
59
Q

The female external genitalia, or vulva, includes:

A
  • Mons pubis
  • Labia
  • Clitoris
  • Urethral orifice
  • Vaginal orifice
  • Greater vestibular glands
60
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A
  • Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis

* Covered with pubic hair after puberty

61
Q

What is the labia?

A 
• Skin folds
• Labia majora
*Hair-covered skin folds
*Enclose the labia minora
*Also encloses the vestibule
• Labia minora—delicate, hair-free folds of skin
62
Q

What is the vestibule in the female reproductive system?

A
  • Enclosed by labia majora

* Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina

63
Q

What are the greater vestibular glands of the female reproductive system?

A
  • One is found on each side of the vagina

* Secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse

64
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

• Contains erectile tissue
• Corresponds to the male penis
• The clitoris is similar to the penis in that it is:
*Hooded by a prepuce
*Composed of sensitive erectile tissue
*Swollen with blood during sexual excitement
• The clitoris lacks a reproductive duct

65
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally

66
Q

The total supply of eggs is determined by:

A

The time a female is born

67
Q

Ability to release eggs begins at _____ with the onset of the _____.

A
  • Puberty

* Menstrual cycle

68
Q

Reproductive ability ends at:

A

Menopause (in female’s fifties)

69
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process of producing ova (eggs) in a female

70
Q

What are oogonia?

A
  • Female stem cells found in a developing fetus
  • Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes that are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary
71
Q

Primary oocytes are inactive until:

A

Puberty

72
Q

_____ causes some primary follicles to mature each month.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

73
Q

In the female reproductive system, meiosis starts inside:

A
  • The maturing follicle
  • First meiotic division produces a larger secondary oocyte and a smaller first polar body
  • A vesicular follicle contains a secondary oocyte (maturation from a primary follicle takes about 14 days)
  • Ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs with the release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Secondary oocyte is released and surrounded by a corona radiata
74
Q

Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if:

A
  • Sperm penetrates the oocyte
  • Ovum is produced
  • Two additional polar bodies are produced
  • Once ovum is formed, the 23 chromosomes can be combined with the 23 chromosomes of the sperm to form the fertilized egg (zygote)
  • If the secondary oocyte is not penetrated by a sperm, it dies and does not complete meiosis to form an ovum
75
Q

What is produced by meiosis?

A
  • Males—produces four functional sperm

* Females—produces one functional ovum and three tiny polar bodies

76
Q

What is the size and structure of sex cells?

A
  • Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid
  • Egg is large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation
77
Q

Estrogens are produced by follicle cells and cause secondary sex characteristics, such as:

A
  • Enlargement of accessory organs of the female reproductive system
  • Development of breasts
  • Appearance of axillary and pubic hair
  • Increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and breasts
  • Widening and lightening of the pelvis
  • Onset of menses (menstrual cycle)
78
Q

Progesterone is produced by the:

A

• Corpus luteum
• Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood
• Does not contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics
• Other major effects
*Helps maintain pregnancy
*Prepares the breasts for milk production

79
Q

Cyclic changes of the endometrium are about __ days in length.

A
  • 28
  • Regulated by cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries
  • FSH and LH, from the anterior pituitary, regulate the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries
  • Ovulation typically occurs about midway through cycle, on day 14
80
Q

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Menstrual phase
  • Proliferative stage
  • Secretory stage
81
Q

Days 1–5 of the menstrual phase:

A
  • Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed
  • Bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days
  • Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels
  • By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are producing more estrogen
82
Q

Days 6–14 of the proliferative stage:

A
  • Regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium
  • Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well vascularized
  • Estrogen levels rise
  • Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage
83
Q

Days 15–28 of the secretory phase:

A

• Levels of progesterone rise and increase the blood supply to the endometrium, which becomes more vascular
• Endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation
• If fertilization does occur:
*Embryo produces a hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones
• If fertilization does Not occur:
*Corpus luteum degenerates as LH blood levels decline
*The phases are repeated about every 28 days

84
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

• Present in both sexes, but function only in females
*Modified sweat glands
• Function is to produce milk to nourish a newborn
• Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens) to increase in size

85
Q

What are the parts of the mammary gland?

A
  • Areola—central pigmented area
  • Nipple—protruding central area of areola
  • Lobes—internal structures that radiate around nipple
  • Lobules—located within each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands
  • Alveolar glands—produce milk when a woman is lactating (producing milk)
  • Lactiferous ducts—connect alveolar glands to nipple
  • Lactiferous sinus—dilated portion where milk accumulates
86
Q

What is mammography?

A

X-ray examination that detects breast cancers too small to feel

87
Q

The American Cancer Society recommends mammography annually for women between __ and __ years old and every __ years thereafter if the results are normal.

A
  • 45
  • 54
  • 2
88
Q

Breast cancer is often signaled by:

A

A change in skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the nipple

89
Q

What is a conceptus?

A
  • Developing offspring
  • Embryo—period of time from fertilization until week 8
  • Fetus—week 9 until birth
90
Q

What is the gestation period?

A

From date of last period until birth (approximately 280 days)

91
Q

An oocyte is viable up to __ hours after ovulation.

A

24

92
Q

Sperm are viable up to __ hours after ejaculation.

A
  • 48
  • For fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must occur no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after
93
Q

Sperm cells must make their way to the _____ for fertilization to be possible.

A
  • Uterine tube

* Sperm cells are attracted to the oocyte by chemicals

94
Q

Concept Link 2

A

Recall the concept of chemotaxis, in which cells move toward or away from a stimulus (positive and negative chemotaxis, respectively) (Chapter 12, p. 406).

95
Q

When sperm reach the oocyte:

A
  • Enzymes break down the follicle cells of the corona radiata around the oocyte
  • Sperm undergo an acrosomal reaction
  • Membrane receptors on the oocyte pull in the head of the first sperm cell to make contact
  • Oocyte undergoes second meiotic division to produce an ovum and a polar body
96
Q

Fertilization occurs when the genetic material of a _____ combines with that of an _____.

A
  • Sperm

* Oocyte

97
Q

What is a zygote?

A
  • First cell of a new individual
  • The zygote is the result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and egg
  • The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions, known as cleavage, 24 hours after fertilization
  • The zygote journeys down the uterine tube, moving toward the uterus
98
Q

What is cleavage?

A
  • Rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the zygote
  • 3 days after ovulation, the embryo reaches the uterus and floats as a morula, a ball of 16 cells
99
Q

What is a blastocyst (chorionic vesicle)?

A
  • Hollow, ball-like structure of 100 cells or more
  • Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (h C G) to induce the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones, preventing menses, until the placenta assumes its role
100
Q

What are the functional areas of the blastocyst?

A
  • Trophoblast—large fluid-filled sphere

* Inner cell mass—cluster of cells to one side

101
Q

By day __ after ovulation, the blastocyst has attached to the endometrium.

A

7

102
Q

Inner cell mass of blastocyst develops into:

A

Primary germ layers
• Ectoderm—outside layer, which gives rise to nervous system and epidermis of skin
• Endoderm—inside layer, which forms mucosae and associated glands
• Mesoderm—middle layer, which gives rise to everything else

103
Q

After implantation, the trophoblast of the blastocyst develops:

A
  • Chorionic villi (projections)

* Chorionic villi combine with tissues of the uterus to form the placenta

104
Q

Once the placenta has formed, the _____ is attached to the placenta by an _____.

A
  • Amnion
  • Umbilical cord
  • Amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo
  • Umbilical cord is a blood vessel–containing stalk of tissue
105
Q

What is the placenta?

A
  • Forms a barrier between mother and embryo (blood is not exchanged)
  • Delivers nutrients and oxygen
  • Removes wastes from embryonic blood
  • Becomes an endocrine organ and takes over for the corpus luteum (by end of second month); produces estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones that maintain pregnancy
106
Q

What are the events of embryonic and fetal development?

A
  • All organ systems are formed by the end of the eighth week
  • Activities of the fetus are growth and organ specialization
  • The fetal stage is one of tremendous growth and change in appearance
107
Q

What are the anatomical changes associated with pregnancy?

A
  • Enlargement of the uterus
  • Accentuated lumbar curvature (lordosis)
  • Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis due to production of the hormone relaxin
108
Q

How is the gastrointestinal system affected during pregnancy?

A
  • Morning sickness is common and is due to elevated progesterone and estrogens
  • Heartburn is common because of organ crowding by the fetus
  • Constipation is caused by declining motility of the digestive tract
109
Q

How is the urinary system ​affected during pregnancy?

A
  • Kidneys have additional burden and produce more urine

* The uterus compresses the bladder, causing stress incontinence

110
Q

How is the respiratory system​​affected during pregnancy?

A
  • Nasal mucosa becomes congested and swollen
  • Vital capacity and respiratory rate increase
  • Dyspnea (difficult breathing) occurs during later stages of pregnancy
111
Q

How is the cardiovascular system affected during pregnancy?

A
  • Blood volume increases by 25% to 40%
  • Blood pressure and pulse increase
  • Varicose veins are common​​
112
Q

What is labor?

A
  • The series of events that expel the infant from the uterus
  • Rhythmic, expulsive contractions
  • Operates by the positive feedback mechanism
113
Q

What is false labor?

A

Braxton Hicks contractions are weak, irregular uterine contractions

114
Q

During the initiation of labor:

A
  • Estrogen levels rise
  • Uterine contractions begin
  • The placenta releases prostaglandins
  • Oxytocin is released by the pituitary
  • Combined effects of rising levels of hormones—oxytocin and prostaglandins—initiates contractions and forces the baby deeper into the mother’s pelvis
115
Q

Concept Link 3

A

Remember the concept of the feedback loop (see Chapter 1, p. 19). A stimulus triggers a receptor, the information is sent to the brain for processing, and a signal is sent to an effector with instructions for a response. Most of the feedback in the body is negative feedback, in which the response decreases the initial stimulus. Labor, however, involves positive feedback: The response (stronger contractions) actually increases the initial stimulus (oxytocin release) until the child is born.

116
Q

What is dilation?

A
  • Cervix becomes dilated
  • Full dilation is 10 centimeters
  • Uterine contractions begin and increase
  • Cervix softens and effaces (thins)
  • The amnion ruptures (“breaking the water”)
  • Longest stage, at 6 to 12 hours
117
Q

What is expulsion?

A
  • Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
  • Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births
  • Normal delivery is head-first (vertex position)
  • Breech presentation is buttocks-first
118
Q

What is the placental stage of labor?

A
  • Delivery of the placenta
  • Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of infant
  • Afterbirth—placenta and attached fetal membranes
  • All placental fragments should be removed to avoid postpartum bleeding
119
Q

Gender is determined at:

A
  • Fertilization
  • Males have XY sex chromosomes
  • Females have XX sex chromosomes
120
Q

Reproductive system structures of males and females are _____ during early development.

A

Identical

121
Q

Gonads do not begin to form until:

A

The eighth week

122
Q

The presence or absence of _____ determines whether male or female accessory reproductive organs will form.

A

Testosterone

123
Q

The reproductive system is _____ during childhood.

A

Inactive

124
Q

Reproductive system organs do not function for childbearing until:

A

Puberty

125
Q

Puberty usually begins between ages __ and __.

A
  • 10

* 15

126
Q

What signals the onset of puberty?

A

Males
• Enlargement of testes and scrotum signals onset of puberty (often around age 13)
Females
• Budding breasts signal puberty (often around age 11)
• Menarche—first menstrual period (usually occurs about 2 years later)

127
Q

What is menopause?

A

• A whole year has passed without menstruation
• Ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs
• Childbearing ability ends
Hot flashes and mood changes may occur
• There is a no equivalent of menopause in males, but there is a steady decline in testosterone

128
Q

What is contraception?

A

Birth control

129
Q

What is the birth control pill?

A
  • Most-used contraceptive
  • Relatively constant supply of ovarian hormones from pill is similar to pregnancy
  • Ovarian follicles do not mature, ovulation ceases, menstrual flow is reduced
130
Q

What is the morning-after pill (MAP)?

A
  • Taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse

* Disrupts normal hormonal signals to the point that fertilization is prevented

131
Q

Other hormonal birth control devices that cause cervical mucus to thicken include:

A
  • Minipill (tablet)

* Norplant (rods placed under the skin)

132
Q

What is an intrauterine device (IUD)?

A
  • Plastic or metal device inserted into uterus

* Prevents implantation of fertilized egg

133
Q

What is sterilization?

A
  • Tubal ligation (females)—cut or cauterize uterine tubes

* Vasectomy (males)—cut or cauterize the ductus deferens

134
Q

What is coitus interruptus?

A

Withdrawal of penis prior to ejaculation

135
Q

What is rhythm (fertility awareness)?

A
  • Avoid intercourse during period of ovulation or fertility
  • Record daily basal temperature (body temperature rises after ovulation)
  • Record changes in pattern of cervical mucus
136
Q

What are barrier methods?

A
  • Diaphragms
  • Cervical caps
  • Condoms
  • Spermicidal foams
  • Gels
  • Sponges
137
Q

What is an abortion?

A

Termination of pregnancy

138
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A

Spontaneous abortion is common and frequently occurs before a woman knows she is pregnant

139
Q

What is RU486?

A
  • “Abortion pill”

* Induces miscarriage during first 7 weeks of pregnancy

Anatomy and Physiology (61 decks)

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