Lecture Exam 2 - Notes: pages 3-11 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

__________ : study of disease

Pathology

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__________ : cause of the disease

Etiology

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__________ : manner in which a disease occurs

Pathogenesis

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Structural and functional changes brought on by the disease

These are commonly referred to as __________ of disease

signs/symptoms

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__________ : Invasion and colonization of the body with pathogens

Infection

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Infection: Invasion and colonization of the body with __________

pathogens

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__________ : When infection results in a change from the normal state of health

Disease

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A UTI is an example of where the term __________ is used to mean disease

infection

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A UTI is an example of where the term infection is used to mean disease

There is a difference though between an STI (__________) and an STD (__________)

infection

- disease

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__________ Infection: Infection with signs/symptoms (—disease)

Clinical

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__________ Infection: Infection without signs/symptoms (—infection)
A person with a subclinical infection is called a carrier

Subclinical

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Subclinical Infection: Infection without signs/symptoms (—infection)
A person with a subclinical infection is called a __________

carrier

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__________ disease: disease not caused by a microbe

Noninfectious

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Noninfectious disease: disease __________ by a microbe

not caused

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__________ disease: disease caused by a microbe

Infectious

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Infectious disease: disease __________ by a microbe

caused

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Example of a disease that was previously thought to be noninfectious but are now classified as infectious: __________

Ulcer

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Ulcers: caused by __________ pylori

Helicobacter

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The microbe __________ is the cause of 80% of gastric and duodenal ulcers

Helicobacter pylori

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__________ found in people who have stomach cancer

Helicobacter pylori

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Treatment of Ulcers includes a “cocktail” of __________ and antacids

-antibiotics

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__________ cancer: Human Papilloma Virus

Cervical

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__________ cancer: Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus

Liver

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__________ : The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health related factors in defined human populations

Epidemiology

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Epidemiology: The study of the frequency and distribution of __________ and other health related factors in defined human __________

- disease | - populations

__________ : When and where disease occurs and how it is transmitted

Epidemiology

__________ is the primary government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious disease nationwide

CDC

__________ : By law cases of diseases within this category must be reported to public health authorities.

Reportable (Notifiable) Disease

Reportable (Notifiable) Disease: By law cases of diseases within this category must be reported to __________ authorities.

public health

Reportable (Notifiable) Disease: By law cases of diseases within this category must be reported to public health authorities. (both sexually transmitted diseases) - __________ Chlamydia -

- Genital | - Gonorrhea

__________ : Physician diagnosed disease

Case

__________ : Two or more cases from the same source

Outbreak

__________ : the earliest documented case of disease in an epidemiological study

Index case

__________ : Regardless of case reporting or public health screening, a large number of cases of infection in the community go undiagnosed and unreported. (actual number is 10-100 times the number of cases)

Iceberg Effect

Iceberg Effect: Regardless of case reporting or public health screening, a large number of cases of infection in the community go __________ and unreported. (actual number is __________ times the number of cases)

- undiagnosed | - 10-100

MMWR: Morbidity and __________ Weekly __________

- Mortality | - Report

__________ : Incidence of notifiable diseases

Morbidity

__________ : Deaths from notifiable diseases

Mortality

__________ : a person whose resistance to infection is impaired in some way.

Compromised host

__________ : also known as risk factors; any factor that increases risk for developing disease; these Include: gender, genetics, age, occupation, and lifestyle

Predisposing (risk) factors

Predisposing (risk) factors: also known as risk factors; any factor that increases risk for developing __________; these Include: gender, __________, age, occupation, and __________

- disease - genetics - lifestyle

__________ : The characteristic route that the microbe takes when it enters the body; the most virulent microbes can cause disease by entering through any portal.

Portal of Entry

Portal of Entry: The characteristic route that the __________ takes when it enters the body; the most __________ microbes can cause disease by entering through any __________.

- microbe - virulent - portal

Portals of entry include: - __________ through the parenteral route (puncture): - __________ tract: - Respiratory tract: - Urogenital tract

- Skin | - Gastrointestinal

Portals of entry include: - Skin through the parenteral route (puncture): - Gastrointestinal tract: - __________ tract: - __________ tract

- Respiratory | - Urogenital

-Portals of entry- Skin through the parenteral route (puncture): __________

tetanus

-Portals of entry- Gastrointestinal tract: __________ difficle causing pseudomembranous __________

- Clostridium | - colitis

-Portals of entry- Respiratory tract: __________

tuberculosis

-Portals of entry- Urogenital tract: This is the most common portal for __________

sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

__________ : The specific avenue that microbes take when they leave the body.

Portal of Exit

Portal of Exit: The specific avenue that microbes take when they leave the __________. In many but not all cases the portal of exit is the __________ as the portal of entry

- body | - same

-Portal of Exit- Respiratory and Salivary portals: __________

tuberculosis

-Portal of Exit- Skin scales: __________

Warts

-Portal of Exit- Gastrointestinal: __________

Clostridium difficle

-Portal of Exit- Urogenital tract: __________

HIV/AIDS

-Portal of Exit- Removal of blood or bleeding: __________

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

__________ : Pathogens that infect during pregnancy and birth

Vertical Transmission

-Vertical Transmission- - Some microbes will cross the __________ barrier - Other microbes will infect while the baby passes through the __________

- placental | - birth canal

Diseases that are transmitted vertically are classified under the acronym __________

STORCH

-STORCH- ``` S= __________ T = Toxoplasmosis O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = Cytomegalovirus H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) ```

Syphilis

-STORCH- ``` S= Syphilis T = __________ O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = Cytomegalovirus H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) ```

Toxoplasmosis

-STORCH- ``` S= Syphilis T = Toxoplasmosis O = __________ : Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = Cytomegalovirus H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) ```

Other

-STORCH- ``` S= Syphilis T = Toxoplasmosis O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = __________ C = Cytomegalovirus H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) ```

Rubella

-STORCH- ``` S= Syphilis T = Toxoplasmosis O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = __________ H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) ```

Cytomegalovirus

-STORCH- ``` S= Syphilis T = Toxoplasmosis O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = Cytomegalovirus H = __________ ```

Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)

-Syphilis- Etiology: __________ pallidum

Treponema

-Syphilis- Reservoir: __________

Human

-Syphilis- Mode of Transmission: __________

STD or STI

-Syphilis- Mode of Transmission: STD or STI Direct contact: contact must occur with the __________

syphilis sore

-Syphilis- __________ with the disease can pass it to the babies (vertical transmission)

Pregnant women

Syphilis cannot be spread by __________

fomites

__________ : contaminated inanimate object

Fomite

__________ syphilis: - single sore (called a chancre) - heal on its own

Primary

__________ syphilis: - rash, does not itch - The rash often appears as rough, "copper penny" spots on both the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet

Secondary

__________ syphilis: - clear up on their own - multiple chancres - more contagious - The secondary stage will gradually subside

Secondary

At the end of the Secondary stage of syphilis: Approximately one third of infected persons will recover __________ , meaning they are not infectious and there is no further evidence of disease. Another one third of individuals will revert back to __________ syphilis and then to tertiary syphilis The final third will progress first into __________ and then into tertiary syphilis

- fully - secondary - latent

The __________ (hidden or dormant) stage follows secondary syphilis

latent

Syphilis __________ be transmitted person to person while its latent

can not

Syphilis __________ transmitted Vertically (during pregnancy and birth)

Can be

Latent syphilis: | __________ signs or symptoms are present, but there are high levels of __________ in serum

- No | - antibodies

Tertiary syphili: - gummas - __________ stage

destructive

-Tertiary syphilis- | __________ - when it affects the brain

Neurosyphilis

-Tertiary syphilis- __________ syphilis - when it affects the heart

Cardiovascular

__________ syphilis (Vertical transmission) - syphilitic stillbirth - treated after 4th month of pregnancy

Congenital

Congenital syphilis (Vertical transmission) - __________ stillbirth - treated after ___ month of pregnancy

- syphilitic | - 4th

Syphilis Treatment: - __________ penicillin - Treatment is not effective during the__________ stage of the disease

- antibiotic | - tertiary

Syphilis Prevention: - __________ use - To reduce the incidence of congenital syphilis pregnant women are given a blood test and if the test is (+) she would be treated with __________

-Condom | antibiotics

__________ : Caused by Toxoplasma gondii; this is a protozoon

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis: Caused by Toxoplasma gondii; this is a __________

protozoon

__________ = where organism is naturally found

reservoir

-Toxoplasmosis- The reservoir for the organism is animal (__________)

rodents

-Toxoplasmosis- It is __________ in rodents. From rodents it gets transmitted to __________

- enteric | - cats

-Toxoplasmosis- __________ are the intermediate host

Cats

-Toxoplasmosis- From cats it can be transmitted to __________ by fecal-oral transmission (__________)

- humans | - ingested

-Toxoplasmosis- Most people have a __________ infection (no signs or symptoms) to this, but the microbe can become __________ in some people

- subclinical | - latent

-Toxoplasmosis- Those who are severely compromised can develop __________ or go blind

encephalitis

-Toxoplasmosis- This microbe will transmit __________ resulting in miscarriage, __________, or brain damage

- vertically | - blindness

-Toxoplasmosis- CDC recommendation is that pregnant women and __________ should not clean out a __________ or in general should be aware of the danger of this disease from cats. (Especially cats that go outdoors)

- immunocompromised | - cat box

-Toxoplasmosis- __________ - Infected but develops immunity

Seropositive

-Toxoplasmosis- | __________ - Never been exposed before

Seronegative

There has been a strong correlation between __________ and changes in behavior

toxoplasmosis

__________ caused by Listeria monocytogenes (Food poisoning)

Listeriosis

Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes (__________ )

Food poisoning

-Listeriosis- Due to poor quality control, many pre-cooked products have been __________ such as hot dogs and deli meat, and bagged __________

- contaminated | - salad

__________ : This pathogen will grow at room temperature and the fridge, but it will grow faster in the refrigerator.

Listeriosis-

Heat will kill __________, so cooking food will destroy this microbe

Listeria

-Listeriosis- Most people who consume an I.D. have a __________ infection unless __________

- subclinical | - immunocompromised

-Listeriosis- People with immune deficiency will develop __________ ; treatment is antibiotics

meningitis

-Listeriosis- If a pregnant woman consumes an I.D., she will usually have a subclinical infection, but the microbe will cross the placental barrier and cause __________. Transmission can also occur in the __________ leading to meningitis or septicemia

- miscarriage | - birth canal

-Listeriosis- C.D.C. recommendation is that people in high risk groups should not consume __________, hot dogs, bagged salad, or __________ cheeses unless the food is cooked

- deli meat | - unpasteurized

Chlamydia: | The etiology is Chlamydia __________

trachomatis

Cause of genital chlamydia also known as __________ urethritis (NGU) [not caused by gonorrhea]

nongonococcal

-Chlamydia- This is an __________ —most people have an __________

- STD/STI | - STI

__________: When vertically transmitted it will cause inclusion conjunctivitis (eye infection) that without treatment (Repeated Infections) will lead to the eyelids turning inwards.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia: When vertically transmitted it will cause inclusion __________ (eye infection) that without treatment (Repeated Infections) will lead to the __________ turning inwards.

- conjunctivitis | - eyelids

Chlamydia: ``` inclusion conjunctivitis (eye infection) that without treatment (Repeated Infections) will lead to the eyelids turning inwards This is called __________ and is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world. [preventable had it been treated with __________] ```

- Trachoma | - antibiotics

Chlamydia: The eyelashes scrape the cornea causing ulceration -- __________-

blindness

Trachoma is sporadic in America because of the use of __________ ointment which is the treatment for __________ conjunctivitis

- antibiotic | - inclusion

Chlamydia: Inclusion conjunctivitis can also be transmitted by: - __________ - __________ i.e. towels - Auto inoculation (self inoculation- touching something then touching eye) - Public pools (“swimming pool” conjunctivitis) - Chlorine will kill Chlamydia

- Flies | - Fomites

Chlamydia: Inclusion conjunctivitis can also be transmitted by: - Flies - Fomites i.e. towels - Auto __________ (self inoculation- touching something then touching eye) - Public pools (“swimming pool” conjunctivitis) - __________ will kill Chlamydia

- inoculation | - Chlorine

Gonorrhea: Etiology is __________ gonorrhea

Neisseria

-Gonorrhea- When vertically transmitted it causes ophthalmic __________ (large amount of puss)

neonatorum

-Gonorrhea- Without treatment this will lead to __________

blindness

-Gonorrhea- __________ drops used to be applied as prophylaxis in the eyes of newborns to control this, but this prophylaxis has been changed to __________ ointment.

- Silver nitrate | - antibiotic

-Gonorrhea- Silver nitrate prevents __________ neonatorum but not inclusion __________

- ophthalmic | - conjunctivitis

Antibiotic ointment prevents both conditions. - __________ neonatorum - __________ conjunctivitis

- ophthalmic | - inclusion

Rubella virus is the cause of __________ , also known as the 3 day measles (usually does not kill)

German measles

__________ : | very mild childhood disease that usually causes subclinical infection; signs and symptoms include fever and rash

Rubella

Rubella: very mild childhood disease that usually causes __________ infection; signs and symptoms include __________ and rash

- subclinical | - fever

Rubella: | The disease is sporadic in America due to __________

vaccination

Rubella: | The vaccine is __________; attenuated vaccine

MMR

Rubella: If the virus transmits vertically (__________) during the 1st trimester the consequences include: - __________ (blindness) - Brain damage - Deafness - Miscarriage

- seronegative | - Cataracts

Rubella: If the virus transmits vertically (seronegative) during the 1st trimester the consequences include: - Cataracts (blindness) - __________ - Deafness - __________

- Brain damage | - Miscarriage

Rubella: | virus transmits vertically (seronegative) during the 1st trimester, it is known as __________ Rubella Syndrome

Congenital

Congenital Rubella Syndrome will not occur if the pregnant woman has immunity to Rubella (__________ ), as the fetus will be protected by maternal __________. This is why vaccination is so important.

- seropositive | - antibodies

A pregnant woman who is seronegative to Rubella would not be vaccinated since the vaccine is __________ and reversion could occur; leading to developmental __________

- attenuated | - defects

__________ : | This is a type of Herpes virus (latent (dormant) virus)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

__________ : | It is found in saliva, tears, mucus, urine, feces, semen, and cervical secretions of carriers

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- Most people become infected during __________ or once __________ activity begins (STI).

- childhood | - sexual

-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- Usually cause as __________ infection; a significant majority of adults are antibody (_) to CMV

- subclinical | - +

-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- If the virus transmits __________ it will cause brain damage, blindness, __________, or miscarriage

- vertically | - deafness

-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- There is __________

no vaccine

In immunocompromised people CMV is __________. It will activate from its __________ state.

- opportunistic | - latent

-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)- The consequences include __________ and retinitis.

pneumonia

__________ :This is the leading cause of blindness in AIDS patients

-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-

H = HSV 2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2) - [cause of genital __________ ]

herpes

-H = HSV 2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2)- Consequences of vertical transmission include: Herpes __________ (brain) Herpes __________ (eyes) Cigarette burn appearance

- encephalitis | - keratitis

-H = HSV 2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2)- Pregnant women in __________ period - __________ transmit

- latent | - can not

-H = HSV 2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2)- The recommendation is that a pregnant woman with a history of __________ should deliver by C-section

genital herpes