Lecture Exam 2 - Notes: pages 3-11 Flashcards
__________ : study of disease
Pathology
__________ : cause of the disease
Etiology
__________ : manner in which a disease occurs
Pathogenesis
Structural and functional changes brought on by the disease
These are commonly referred to as __________ of disease
signs/symptoms
__________ : Invasion and colonization of the body with pathogens
Infection
Infection: Invasion and colonization of the body with __________
pathogens
__________ : When infection results in a change from the normal state of health
Disease
A UTI is an example of where the term __________ is used to mean disease
infection
A UTI is an example of where the term infection is used to mean disease
There is a difference though between an STI (__________) and an STD (__________)
- infection
- disease
__________ Infection: Infection with signs/symptoms (—disease)
Clinical
__________ Infection: Infection without signs/symptoms (—infection)
A person with a subclinical infection is called a carrier
Subclinical
Subclinical Infection: Infection without signs/symptoms (—infection)
A person with a subclinical infection is called a __________
carrier
__________ disease: disease not caused by a microbe
Noninfectious
Noninfectious disease: disease __________ by a microbe
not caused
__________ disease: disease caused by a microbe
Infectious
Infectious disease: disease __________ by a microbe
caused
Example of a disease that was previously thought to be noninfectious but are now classified as infectious: __________
Ulcer
Ulcers: caused by __________ pylori
Helicobacter
The microbe __________ is the cause of 80% of gastric and duodenal ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
__________ found in people who have stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori
Treatment of Ulcers includes a “cocktail” of __________ and antacids
-antibiotics
__________ cancer: Human Papilloma Virus
Cervical
__________ cancer: Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus
Liver
__________ : The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health related factors in defined human populations
Epidemiology
Epidemiology: The study of the frequency and distribution of __________ and other health related factors in defined human __________
- disease
- populations
__________ : When and where disease occurs and how it is transmitted
Epidemiology
__________ is the primary government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious disease nationwide
CDC
__________ : By law cases of diseases within this category must be reported to public health authorities.
Reportable (Notifiable) Disease
Reportable (Notifiable) Disease: By law cases of diseases within this category must be reported to __________ authorities.
public health
Reportable (Notifiable) Disease: By law cases of diseases within this category must be reported to public health authorities.
(both sexually transmitted diseases)
- __________ Chlamydia
-
- Genital
- Gonorrhea
__________ : Physician diagnosed disease
Case
__________ : Two or more cases from the same source
Outbreak
__________ : the earliest documented case of disease in an epidemiological study
Index case
__________ : Regardless of case reporting or public health screening, a large number of cases of infection in the community go undiagnosed and unreported. (actual number is 10-100 times the number of cases)
Iceberg Effect
Iceberg Effect: Regardless of case reporting or public health screening, a large number of cases of infection in the community go __________ and unreported. (actual number is __________ times the number of cases)
- undiagnosed
- 10-100
MMWR: Morbidity and __________ Weekly __________
- Mortality
- Report
__________ : Incidence of notifiable diseases
Morbidity
__________ : Deaths from notifiable diseases
Mortality
__________ : a person whose resistance to infection is impaired in some way.
Compromised host
__________ : also known as risk factors; any factor that increases risk for developing disease; these Include: gender, genetics, age, occupation, and lifestyle
Predisposing (risk) factors
Predisposing (risk) factors: also known as risk factors; any factor that increases risk for developing __________; these Include: gender, __________, age, occupation, and __________
- disease
- genetics
- lifestyle
__________ : The characteristic route that the microbe takes when it enters the body; the most virulent microbes can cause disease by entering through any portal.
Portal of Entry
Portal of Entry: The characteristic route that the __________ takes when it enters the body; the most __________ microbes can cause disease by entering through any __________.
- microbe
- virulent
- portal
Portals of entry include:
- __________ through the parenteral route (puncture):
- __________ tract:
- Respiratory tract:
- Urogenital tract
- Skin
- Gastrointestinal
Portals of entry include:
- Skin through the parenteral route (puncture):
- Gastrointestinal tract:
- __________ tract:
- __________ tract
- Respiratory
- Urogenital
-Portals of entry-
Skin through the parenteral route (puncture): __________
tetanus
-Portals of entry-
Gastrointestinal tract: __________ difficle causing pseudomembranous __________
- Clostridium
- colitis
-Portals of entry-
Respiratory tract: __________
tuberculosis
-Portals of entry-
Urogenital tract:
This is the most common portal for __________
sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
__________ : The specific avenue that microbes take when they leave the body.
Portal of Exit
Portal of Exit: The specific avenue that microbes take when they leave the __________.
In many but not all cases the portal of exit is the __________ as the portal of entry
- body
- same
-Portal of Exit-
Respiratory and Salivary portals: __________
tuberculosis
-Portal of Exit-
Skin scales: __________
Warts
-Portal of Exit-
Gastrointestinal: __________
Clostridium difficle
-Portal of Exit-
Urogenital tract: __________
HIV/AIDS
-Portal of Exit-
Removal of blood or bleeding: __________
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
__________ : Pathogens that infect during pregnancy and birth
Vertical Transmission
-Vertical Transmission-
- Some microbes will cross the __________ barrier
- Other microbes will infect while the baby passes through the __________
- placental
- birth canal
Diseases that are transmitted vertically are classified under the acronym __________
STORCH
-STORCH-
S= \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ T = Toxoplasmosis O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = Cytomegalovirus H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)
Syphilis
-STORCH-
S= Syphilis T = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = Cytomegalovirus H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)
Toxoplasmosis
-STORCH-
S= Syphilis T = Toxoplasmosis O = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = Cytomegalovirus H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)
Other
-STORCH-
S= Syphilis T = Toxoplasmosis O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ C = Cytomegalovirus H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)
Rubella
-STORCH-
S= Syphilis T = Toxoplasmosis O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ H = Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)
Cytomegalovirus
-STORCH-
S= Syphilis T = Toxoplasmosis O = Other: Hepatitis B, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Listeriosis, and Chlamydia R = Rubella C = Cytomegalovirus H = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)
-Syphilis-
Etiology: __________ pallidum
Treponema
-Syphilis-
Reservoir: __________
Human
-Syphilis-
Mode of Transmission: __________
STD or STI
-Syphilis-
Mode of Transmission: STD or STI
Direct contact: contact must occur with the __________
syphilis sore
-Syphilis-
__________ with the disease can pass it to the babies (vertical transmission)
Pregnant women
Syphilis cannot be spread by __________
fomites
__________ : contaminated inanimate object
Fomite
__________ syphilis:
- single sore (called a chancre)
- heal on its own
Primary
__________ syphilis:
- rash, does not itch
- The rash often appears as rough, “copper penny” spots on both the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet
Secondary
__________ syphilis:
- clear up on their own
- multiple chancres
- more contagious
- The secondary stage will gradually subside
Secondary
At the end of the Secondary stage of syphilis:
Approximately one third of infected persons will recover __________ , meaning they are not infectious and there is no further evidence of disease.
Another one third of individuals will revert back to __________ syphilis and then to tertiary syphilis
The final third will progress first into __________ and then into tertiary syphilis
- fully
- secondary
- latent
The __________ (hidden or dormant) stage follows secondary syphilis
latent
Syphilis __________ be transmitted person to person while its latent
can not
Syphilis __________ transmitted Vertically (during pregnancy and birth)
Can be
Latent syphilis:
__________ signs or symptoms are present, but there are high levels of __________ in serum
- No
- antibodies
Tertiary syphili:
- gummas
- __________ stage
destructive
-Tertiary syphilis-
__________ - when it affects the brain
Neurosyphilis
-Tertiary syphilis-
__________ syphilis - when it affects the heart
Cardiovascular
__________ syphilis (Vertical transmission)
- syphilitic stillbirth
- treated after 4th month of pregnancy
Congenital
Congenital syphilis (Vertical transmission)
- __________ stillbirth
- treated after ___ month of pregnancy
- syphilitic
- 4th
Syphilis Treatment:
- __________ penicillin
- Treatment is not effective during the__________ stage of the disease
- antibiotic
- tertiary
Syphilis Prevention:
- __________ use
- To reduce the incidence of congenital syphilis pregnant women are given a blood test and if the test is (+) she would be treated with __________
-Condom
antibiotics
__________ : Caused by Toxoplasma gondii; this is a protozoon
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis: Caused by Toxoplasma gondii; this is a __________
protozoon
__________ = where organism is naturally found
reservoir
-Toxoplasmosis-
The reservoir for the organism is animal (__________)
rodents
-Toxoplasmosis-
It is __________ in rodents. From rodents it gets transmitted to __________
- enteric
- cats
-Toxoplasmosis-
__________ are the intermediate host
Cats
-Toxoplasmosis-
From cats it can be transmitted to __________ by fecal-oral transmission (__________)
- humans
- ingested
-Toxoplasmosis-
Most people have a __________ infection (no signs or symptoms) to this, but the microbe can become __________ in some people
- subclinical
- latent
-Toxoplasmosis-
Those who are severely compromised can develop __________ or go blind
encephalitis
-Toxoplasmosis-
This microbe will transmit __________ resulting in miscarriage, __________, or brain damage
- vertically
- blindness
-Toxoplasmosis-
CDC recommendation is that pregnant women and __________ should not clean out a __________ or in general should be aware of the danger of this disease from cats. (Especially cats that go outdoors)
- immunocompromised
- cat box
-Toxoplasmosis-
__________ - Infected but develops immunity
Seropositive
-Toxoplasmosis-
__________ - Never been exposed before
Seronegative
There has been a strong correlation between __________ and changes in behavior
toxoplasmosis
__________ caused by Listeria monocytogenes (Food poisoning)
Listeriosis
Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes (__________ )
Food poisoning
-Listeriosis-
Due to poor quality control, many pre-cooked products have been __________ such as hot dogs and deli meat, and bagged __________
- contaminated
- salad
__________ : This pathogen will grow at room temperature and the fridge, but it will grow faster in the refrigerator.
Listeriosis-
Heat will kill __________, so cooking food will destroy this microbe
Listeria
-Listeriosis-
Most people who consume an I.D. have a __________ infection unless __________
- subclinical
- immunocompromised
-Listeriosis-
People with immune deficiency will develop __________ ; treatment is antibiotics
meningitis
-Listeriosis-
If a pregnant woman consumes an I.D., she will usually have a subclinical infection, but the microbe will cross the placental barrier and cause __________. Transmission can also occur in the __________ leading to meningitis or septicemia
- miscarriage
- birth canal
-Listeriosis-
C.D.C. recommendation is that people in high risk groups should not consume __________, hot dogs, bagged salad, or __________ cheeses unless the food is cooked
- deli meat
- unpasteurized
Chlamydia:
The etiology is Chlamydia __________
trachomatis
Cause of genital chlamydia also known as __________ urethritis (NGU) [not caused by gonorrhea]
nongonococcal
-Chlamydia-
This is an __________ —most people have an __________
- STD/STI
- STI
__________:
When vertically transmitted it will cause inclusion conjunctivitis (eye infection) that without treatment (Repeated Infections) will lead to the eyelids turning inwards.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia:
When vertically transmitted it will cause inclusion __________ (eye infection) that without treatment (Repeated Infections) will lead to the __________ turning inwards.
- conjunctivitis
- eyelids
Chlamydia:
inclusion conjunctivitis (eye infection) that without treatment (Repeated Infections) will lead to the eyelids turning inwards This is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world. [preventable had it been treated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]
- Trachoma
- antibiotics
Chlamydia:
The eyelashes scrape the cornea causing ulceration – __________-
blindness
Trachoma is sporadic in America because of the use of __________ ointment which is the treatment for __________ conjunctivitis
- antibiotic
- inclusion
Chlamydia:
Inclusion conjunctivitis can also be transmitted by:
- __________
- __________ i.e. towels
- Auto inoculation (self inoculation- touching something then touching eye)
- Public pools (“swimming pool” conjunctivitis)
- Chlorine will kill Chlamydia
- Flies
- Fomites
Chlamydia:
Inclusion conjunctivitis can also be transmitted by:
- Flies
- Fomites i.e. towels
- Auto __________ (self inoculation- touching something then touching eye)
- Public pools (“swimming pool” conjunctivitis)
- __________ will kill Chlamydia
- inoculation
- Chlorine
Gonorrhea:
Etiology is __________ gonorrhea
Neisseria
-Gonorrhea-
When vertically transmitted it causes ophthalmic __________ (large amount of puss)
neonatorum
-Gonorrhea-
Without treatment this will lead to __________
blindness
-Gonorrhea-
__________ drops used to be applied as prophylaxis in the eyes of newborns to control this, but this prophylaxis has been changed to __________ ointment.
- Silver nitrate
- antibiotic
-Gonorrhea-
Silver nitrate prevents __________ neonatorum but not inclusion __________
- ophthalmic
- conjunctivitis
Antibiotic ointment prevents both conditions.
- __________ neonatorum
- __________ conjunctivitis
- ophthalmic
- inclusion
Rubella virus is the cause of __________ , also known as the 3 day measles (usually does not kill)
German measles
__________ :
very mild childhood disease that usually causes subclinical infection; signs and symptoms include fever and rash
Rubella
Rubella: very mild childhood disease that usually causes __________ infection; signs and symptoms include __________ and rash
- subclinical
- fever
Rubella:
The disease is sporadic in America due to __________
vaccination
Rubella:
The vaccine is __________; attenuated vaccine
MMR
Rubella:
If the virus transmits vertically (__________) during the 1st trimester the consequences include:
- __________ (blindness)
- Brain damage
- Deafness
- Miscarriage
- seronegative
- Cataracts
Rubella:
If the virus transmits vertically (seronegative) during the 1st trimester the consequences include:
- Cataracts (blindness)
- __________
- Deafness
- __________
- Brain damage
- Miscarriage
Rubella:
virus transmits vertically (seronegative) during the 1st trimester, it is known as __________ Rubella Syndrome
Congenital
Congenital Rubella Syndrome will not occur if the pregnant woman has immunity to Rubella (__________ ), as the fetus will be protected by maternal __________. This is why vaccination is so important.
- seropositive
- antibodies
A pregnant woman who is seronegative to Rubella would not be vaccinated since the vaccine is __________ and reversion could occur; leading to developmental __________
- attenuated
- defects
__________ :
This is a type of Herpes virus (latent (dormant) virus)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
__________ :
It is found in saliva, tears, mucus, urine, feces, semen, and cervical secretions of carriers
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-
Most people become infected during __________ or once __________ activity begins (STI).
- childhood
- sexual
-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-
Usually cause as __________ infection; a significant majority of adults are antibody (_) to CMV
- subclinical
- +
-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-
If the virus transmits __________ it will cause brain damage, blindness, __________, or miscarriage
- vertically
- deafness
-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-
There is __________
no vaccine
In immunocompromised people CMV is __________. It will activate from its __________ state.
- opportunistic
- latent
-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-
The consequences include __________ and retinitis.
pneumonia
__________ :This is the leading cause of blindness in AIDS patients
-Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-
H = HSV 2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2) - [cause of genital __________ ]
herpes
-H = HSV 2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2)-
Consequences of vertical transmission include:
Herpes __________ (brain)
Herpes __________ (eyes)
Cigarette burn appearance
- encephalitis
- keratitis
-H = HSV 2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2)-
Pregnant women in __________ period - __________ transmit
- latent
- can not
-H = HSV 2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2)-
The recommendation is that a pregnant woman with a history of __________ should deliver by
C-section
genital herpes
