Final Exam - Notes: pages 6-12 Flashcards
1
Q
Disease: __________
Disease of the respiratory tract (Contagious disease)
Etiology: Rubeola virus
A
Measles
2
Q
Disease: Measles
Disease of the __________ (__________ disease)
Etiology: Rubeola virus
A
- respiratory tract
- Contagious
3
Q
Disease: Measles
Disease of the respiratory tract (Contagious disease)
Etiology: __________
A
Rubeola virus
4
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Reservoir: __________
A
Human
5
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Reservoir: Human:
- Found in the __________ of the nose and the __________
- This virus can survive on fomites for approximately 2 hours
A
- mucus
- throat
6
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Reservoir: Human:
- Found in the mucus of the nose and the throat
- This virus can survive on __________ for approximately __ hours
A
- fomites
- 2
7
Q
-Disease: __________ -
Mode of Transmission:
- Direct contact
- Droplet
- -Breathing
- -Coughing
- -Sneezing
A
Measles
8
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Mode of Transmission:
- __________
- __________
- -Breathing
- -Coughing
- -Sneezing
A
- Direct contact
- Droplet
9
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Signs & Symptoms: Prodromal: - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - --Fever --\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --Cough
A
- Common Cold
- Running nose
10
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Signs & Symptoms:
__________ period:
-Tiny __________ spots with bluish-white centers found inside the mouth (Koplik’s spots)
-Red to Reddish brown rash (begins on the face and spreads downwards)
-High fever
A
- Invasion
- white
11
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Signs & Symptoms:
Invasion period:
-Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers found inside the __________ (Koplik’s spots)
-Red to Reddish brown __________ (begins on the face and spreads downwards)
-High __________
A
- mouth
- rash
- fever
12
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Invasion period:
- __________ infection
- pneumonia
- __________ (inflammation of the brain leading to convulsions–deafness, brain damage)
A
- ear
- encephalitis
13
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Invasion period:
- ear infection
- pneumonia
- encephalitis (inflammation of the __________ leading to convulsions– __________ , brain damage)
A
- brain
- deafness
14
Q
-Disease: Measles-
When it transmits __________ it will cause miscarriage or cause __________ delivery
A
- vertically
- premature
15
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Treatment:
- __________ reducing medication i.e. acetaminophen, ibuprofen
- __________ if there is a secondary infection such as an ear infection, pneumonia
- Vitamin A reduces the severity of the disease
A
- Fever
- Antibiotics
16
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Treatment:
Fever reducing medication i.e. acetaminophen, ibuprofen
Antibiotics if there is a __________ infection such as an ear infection, pneumonia
Vitamin __ reduces the severity of the disease
A
- secondary
- A
17
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Prevention: __________ (attenuated vaccine)
A
MMR vaccine
18
Q
-Disease: __________ -
Prevention: MMR vaccine (__________ vaccine)
A
- Measles
- attenuated
19
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Post exposure vaccination: given within __ hours of exposure
A
72
20
Q
-Disease: __________ -
Serum immune globulin given to: (given within 6 days of exposure) - Artificial passive immunity
- Pregnant woman
- Infants
- Immunocompromised individuals
A
Measles
21
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Serum immune __________ given to: (given within__ days of exposure) - Artificial passive immunity
- Pregnant woman
- Infants
- Immunocompromised individuals
A
- globulin
- 6
22
Q
-Disease: Measles-
Serum immune globulin given to: (given within 6 days of exposure) - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ passive immunity -Pregnant woman - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -Immunocompromised individuals
A
- Artificial
- Infants
23
Q
Disease: __________ (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the upper respiratory tract
Etiology: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
A
Diphtheria
24
Q
Disease: Diphtheria (part of __________)
- Disease of the upper __________
Etiology: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
A
- TDaP
- respiratory tract
25
Disease: Diphtheria (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the upper respiratory tract
Etiology: __________ diphtheriae
-Corynebacterium
26
-Disease: __________ -
Produces cytotoxin (cell toxin), which affects the 80S ribosome, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein manufacturing)
Diphtheria
27
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Produces __________ (cell toxin), which affects the 80S __________, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein manufacturing)
- cytotoxin
| - ribosome
28
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Produces cytotoxin (cell toxin), which affects the 80S ribosome, resulting in the __________ of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein __________)
- inhibition
| - manufacturing
29
-Disease: __________ -
Cells most likely to be affected are cells of the heart and kidneys.
Diphtheria
30
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Cells most likely to be affected are cells of the __________ and __________.
- heart
| - kidneys
31
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Reservoir: __________
Human
32
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Reservoir:
- Human: either sick __________ or __________.
- Carriers harbor the organism in the nasopharynx region
- people
| - carriers
33
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Reservoir:
- Human: either sick people or carriers.
- __________ harbor the organism in the __________ region
- Carriers
| - nasopharynx
34
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Mode of Transmission: __________
Droplet
35
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Signs & Symptoms:
The organism is __________ and only grows in the __________ region
- noninvasive
| - nasopharynx
36
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Signs & Symptoms:
__________ :
Initial signs and symptoms include low-grade fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph glands. Can be misdiagnosed as “Strep” throat
Prodromal
37
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Signs & Symptoms:
Prodromal:
Initial signs and symptoms include low-grade fever, sore __________ , difficulty swallowing, swollen __________ glands. Can be misdiagnosed as “__________” throat
- throat
- lymph
- Strep
38
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Signs & Symptoms:
__________ :
-Pseudomembrane forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the throat. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from suffocation
-Heart and kidney failure due to the effects of the toxin
Invasion
39
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Signs & Symptoms:
Invasion:
-__________ forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the __________. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from suffocation
-Heart and kidney failure due to the effects of the toxin
- Pseudomembrane
| - throat
40
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Signs & Symptoms:
Invasion :
-Pseudomembrane forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the throat. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from __________
-Heart and __________ failure due to the effects of the toxin
- suffocation
| - kidney
41
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Treatment:
__________ should be administered as soon as possible
Antiserum
42
-Disease: Diphtheria-
- __________ to kill the bacterium that is alive in the __________
- Tracheotomy
- Antibiotics
| - nasopharynx
43
-Disease: Diphtheria-
- Antibiotics to kill the bacterium that is alive in the nasopharynx
- __________
Tracheotomy
44
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Prevention:
__________ :
Booster shots should be given every __ years
- Vaccination
| - 10
45
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Diphtheria is __________ because of vaccination
-sporadic
46
-Disease: Diphtheria-
Diphtheria is sporadic because of __________
vaccination
47
Disease: __________ : Whooping Cough (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the lower respiratory system
- Chronic disease
Etiology: Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis
48
Disease: Pertussis: __________ (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the lower respiratory system
- Chronic disease
Etiology: Bordetella pertussis
Whooping Cough
49
Disease: Pertussis: Whooping Cough (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the lower __________ system
- __________ disease
Etiology: Bordetella pertussis
- respiratory
| - Chronic
50
Disease: Pertussis: Whooping Cough (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the lower respiratory system
- Chronic disease
Etiology: __________ pertussis
Bordetella
51
-Disease: _________ -
fimbriae, produces numerous exotoxins
- Tracheal cytotoxin: damage to ciliated cells
- Leukotoxin
Pertussis
52
-Disease: Pertussis-
fimbriae, produces numerous _________
-Tracheal _________: damage to ciliated cells
- exotoxins
| - cytotoxin
53
-Disease: Pertussis-
Reservoir: _________
Human
54
-Disease: Pertussis-
Mode of Transmission: _________
Droplet
55
-Disease: Pertussis-
Catarrhal (_________):
_________ (Invasion):
- Prodromal
| - Paroxysmal
56
-Disease: Pertussis-
_________ (Prodromal):
Paroxysmal (_________):
- Catarrhal
| - Invasion
57
-Disease: Pertussis-
```
Catarrhal (Prodromal):
Signs and symptoms of a _________
- _________ during this stage
-All the bacteria are destroyed by immune cells by end of this stage
-The toxin continues to have an effect
```
- common cold
| - Contagious
58
-Disease: Pertussis-
Catarrhal (Prodromal):
Signs and symptoms of a common cold
-Contagious during this stage
-All the bacteria are destroyed by _________ cells by end of this stage
-The _________ continues to have an effect
- immune
| - toxin
59
-Disease: Pertussis-
Paroxysmal (Invasion):
- _________with a gasp for air (“whoop” sound)
- _________ during this stage
- cough
| - Noncommunicable
60
-Disease: _________-
Treatment: Antibiotics before the paroxysmal stage
Pertussis
61
-Disease: Pertussis-
Treatment: Antibiotics before the _________ stage
paroxysmal
62
-Disease: Pertussis-
Prevention: _________ : Adults should get _________ shots
- Vaccination
| - booster
63
-Disease: Pertussis-
Mortality rate is very low but those who do die usually die from _________ infections
secondary
64
-Disease: _________ -
Mortality rate is very low but those who do die usually die from secondary infections
Pertussis
65
-Disease: _________ -
The most common cause of the secondary infection is pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pertussis
66
-Disease: Pertussis -
The most common cause of the secondary infection is _________ caused by _________ pneumoniae
- pneumonia
| - Streptococcus
67
-Disease: Pertussis -
In adults the disease is commonly misdiagnosed as _________
Adults don't have violent cough with whoop sound
bronchitis
68
Disease: Tetanus: nervous system disease (part of TDaP)
Etiology: _________ tetani
Clostridium
69
Disease: _________: nervous system disease (part of TDaP)
Etiology: Clostridium tetani
Tetanus
70
-Disease: _________ -
- Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin.
- Tetanospasmin causes muscle contraction without relaxation
Tetanus
71
-Disease: Tetanus-
-Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called _________,
which causes muscle contraction without _________
- tetanospasmin
| - relaxation
72
-Disease: Tetanus-
Reservoir: _________
Soil
73
-Disease: Tetanus-
Mode of Transmission: _________ contact by the _________ route
- Indirect
| - parenteral
74
-Disease: _________ -
Prodromal:
commonly misdiagnosed as a migraine
-Restlessness, irritability and neck stiffness, sensitivity to light and sound, headache
Tetanus
75
-Disease: Tetanus-
commonly misdiagnosed as a _________
-Restlessness, _________ and neck stiffness, sensitivity to light and sound, _________
- migraine
- irritability
- headache
76
-Disease: _________ -
Invasion:
- Lockjaw
- Opisthotonos due to spastic paralysis (bowing of the back)
- Risus sardonicus (sarcastic grin)
- Death from respiratory distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)
Tetanus
77
-Disease: Tetanus-
Invasion:
- _________
- Opisthotonos due to spastic _________ (bowing of the back)
- Risus sardonicus (sarcastic grin)
- Death from respiratory distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)
- Lockjaw
| - paralysis
78
-Disease: Tetanus-
Invasion:
- Lockjaw
- Opisthotonos due to spastic paralysis (bowing of the back)
- Risus _________ (sarcastic grin)
- Death from _________ distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)
- sardonicus
| - respiratory
79
-Disease: _________ -
Treatment:
-Tetanus antitoxin (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible
-Clean wound with hydrogen peroxide
H2O2------catalase---H2O + O2
This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate)
-Antibiotics
Tetanus
80
-Disease: Tetanus-
Treatment:
-Tetanus _________ (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible
-Clean wound with _________ peroxide
H2O2------catalase---H2O + O2
This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate)
-Antibiotics
- antitoxin
| - hydrogen
81
-Disease: Tetanus-
Treatment:
-Tetanus antitoxin (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible
-Clean wound with hydrogen peroxide
H2O2-- _________ --H2O + O2
This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate)
- _________
- catalase
| - Antibiotics
82
-Disease: Tetanus-
Prevention: _________: toxoid vaccine, booster shots given every __ years
- Vaccination
| - 10
83
-Disease: _________ -
Prevention: Vaccination: toxoid vaccine, booster shots given every 10 years
Tetanus
84
-Disease: Tetanus-
- Tetanus has a very high _________ rate
- The disease is sporadic in the U.S.A. - Due to _________
- mortality
| - vaccination
85
-Disease: Tetanus-
- There are over 100,000 _________ that get the disease and die every year.
- This is called Tetanus _________
- newborns
| - neonatorum
86
-Disease: Tetanus-
Occurs in cultures where dirty instruments are used to perform _________ or to cut the umbilical cord. Then the _________ if often covered with a mixture of dung, dirt, ash and water.
- circumcision
| - wound
87
Disease: _________ (Food intoxication): nervous system disease
Etiology: Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
88
Disease: Botulism (_________): nervous system disease
Etiology: Clostridium botulinum
Food intoxication
89
Disease: Botulism (Food intoxication): nervous system disease
Etiology: _________ botulinum
Clostridium
90
-Disease: _________ -
Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called botulin
Botulin causes muscle relaxation
Botulism
91
-Disease: Botulism-
- Produces exotoxin that is a _________ called botulin
- _________ causes muscle relaxation
- neurotoxin
| - Botulin
92
-Disease: Botulism-
Reservoir: _________
Soil
93
-Disease: Botulism-
Mode of Transmission:
- Vehicle: _________
- _________ acid improperly canned foods are especially implicated
- Acid blocks _________ germination
- High acid foods are red tomatoes, fermented food, and citrus fruit
- Low acid foods are green and yellow vegetables and meat
- food borne
- Low
- endospore
94
-Disease: Botulism-
Mode of Transmission:
- Vehicle: foodborne
- Low acid improperly canned foods are especially implicated
- Acid blocks endospore germination
- _________ acid foods are red tomatoes, fermented food, and citrus fruit
- Low acid foods are _________ and _________ vegetables and meat
- High
- green
- yellow
95
-Disease: Botulism-
_________ :
-Blurred or double vision, slurred speech, difficulty walking - Stroke, intoxication
_________ :
-Progressive flaccid paralysis
-Respiratory paralysis -Due to the diaphragm will not contract
- Prodromal
| - Invasion
96
-Disease: Botulism-
Prodromal:
-Blurred or double _________, slurred speech, difficulty walking - _________, intoxication
- vision
| - Stroke
97
-Disease: Botulism-
Invasion:
- Progressive _________ paralysis
- _________ paralysis -Due to the diaphragm will not contract
- flaccid
| - Respiratory
98
-Disease: _________ -
Treatment:
- Antitoxin should be given as soon as possible
- Patients are put on a respirator to keep them alive until the toxin wears off and their diaphragm can contract.
Botulism
99
-Disease: Botulism-
Treatment:
- _________ should be given as soon as possible
- Patients are put on a _________ to keep them alive until the toxin wears off and their _________ can contract.
- Antitoxin
- respirator
- diaphragm
100
-Disease: Botulism-
Prevention:
- _________ : not commonly given to civilians
- _________ food to 100 0C for >30 min (in practice this is not very feasible)
- Vaccination
| - Heat
101
-Disease: Botulism-
Prevention:
Properly process _________ acid foods that are going to be canned. Low acid food should be _________ canned (use of a pressure cooker to destroy endospores)
- low
| - pressure
102
-Disease: Botulism-
Commercial _________ for canned products - Uses _________ treatment
- sterilization
| - UHT
103
-Disease: Botulism-
Wound botulism: Acquired through the _________ route
parenteral
104
-Disease: Botulism-
Botulin has the lowest _________ of any known toxin
L.D.
105
-Disease: Botulism-
Nitrates and _________ are added to meat products to prevent _________ of Clostridium botulinum from germinating.
- nitrites
| - endospores
106
-Disease: Botulism-
When meat such as hot dogs or bacon is cooked at _________ temperature the nitrates and nitrites will react with amino-acids in the meat to form chemicals called _________.
- high
| - nitrosamines
107
-Disease: Botulism-
Nitrosamine fails the test for _________. Long–term consumption of these compounds has been linked to _________ cancer
- mutagenicity
| - liver
108
-Disease: Botulism-
Mutagenic - Products that are mutagenic have high risk of being _________
carcinogenic
