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Microbiology 156 > Final Exam - Notes: pages 6-12 > Flashcards

Final Exam - Notes: pages 6-12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Disease: __________
Disease of the respiratory tract (Contagious disease)

Etiology: Rubeola virus

A

Measles

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2
Q

Disease: Measles
Disease of the __________ (__________ disease)

Etiology: Rubeola virus

A
  • respiratory tract

- Contagious

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3
Q

Disease: Measles
Disease of the respiratory tract (Contagious disease)

Etiology: __________

A

Rubeola virus

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4
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Reservoir: __________

A

Human

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5
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Reservoir: Human:

  • Found in the __________ of the nose and the __________
  • This virus can survive on fomites for approximately 2 hours
A
  • mucus

- throat

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6
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Reservoir: Human:

  • Found in the mucus of the nose and the throat
  • This virus can survive on __________ for approximately __ hours
A
  • fomites

- 2

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7
Q

-Disease: __________ -

Mode of Transmission:

  • Direct contact
  • Droplet
  • -Breathing
  • -Coughing
  • -Sneezing
A

Measles

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8
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Mode of Transmission:

  • __________
  • __________
  • -Breathing
  • -Coughing
  • -Sneezing
A
  • Direct contact

- Droplet

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9
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Signs & Symptoms:
Prodromal:
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  -
--Fever
--\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
--Cough
A
  • Common Cold

- Running nose

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10
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Signs & Symptoms:
__________ period:
-Tiny __________ spots with bluish-white centers found inside the mouth (Koplik’s spots)
-Red to Reddish brown rash (begins on the face and spreads downwards)
-High fever

A
  • Invasion

- white

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11
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Signs & Symptoms:
Invasion period:
-Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers found inside the __________ (Koplik’s spots)
-Red to Reddish brown __________ (begins on the face and spreads downwards)
-High __________

A
  • mouth
  • rash
  • fever
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12
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Invasion period:

  • __________ infection
  • pneumonia
  • __________ (inflammation of the brain leading to convulsions–deafness, brain damage)
A
  • ear

- encephalitis

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13
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Invasion period:

  • ear infection
  • pneumonia
  • encephalitis (inflammation of the __________ leading to convulsions– __________ , brain damage)
A
  • brain

- deafness

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14
Q

-Disease: Measles-

When it transmits __________ it will cause miscarriage or cause __________ delivery

A
  • vertically

- premature

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15
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Treatment:

  • __________ reducing medication i.e. acetaminophen, ibuprofen
  • __________ if there is a secondary infection such as an ear infection, pneumonia
  • Vitamin A reduces the severity of the disease
A
  • Fever

- Antibiotics

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16
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Treatment:
Fever reducing medication i.e. acetaminophen, ibuprofen
Antibiotics if there is a __________ infection such as an ear infection, pneumonia
Vitamin __ reduces the severity of the disease

A
  • secondary

- A

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17
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Prevention: __________ (attenuated vaccine)

A

MMR vaccine

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18
Q

-Disease: __________ -

Prevention: MMR vaccine (__________ vaccine)

A
  • Measles

- attenuated

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19
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Post exposure vaccination: given within __ hours of exposure

A

72

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20
Q

-Disease: __________ -

Serum immune globulin given to: (given within 6 days of exposure) - Artificial passive immunity

  • Pregnant woman
  • Infants
  • Immunocompromised individuals
A

Measles

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21
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Serum immune __________ given to: (given within__ days of exposure) - Artificial passive immunity

  • Pregnant woman
  • Infants
  • Immunocompromised individuals
A
  • globulin

- 6

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22
Q

-Disease: Measles-

Serum immune globulin given to: (given within 6 days of exposure) -
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ passive immunity
-Pregnant woman
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
-Immunocompromised individuals
A
  • Artificial

- Infants

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23
Q

Disease: __________ (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the upper respiratory tract

Etiology: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Diphtheria

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24
Q

Disease: Diphtheria (part of __________)
- Disease of the upper __________

Etiology: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A
  • TDaP

- respiratory tract

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25
Q

Disease: Diphtheria (part of TDaP)
- Disease of the upper respiratory tract

Etiology: __________ diphtheriae

A

-Corynebacterium

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26
Q

-Disease: __________ -

Produces cytotoxin (cell toxin), which affects the 80S ribosome, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein manufacturing)

A

Diphtheria

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27
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Produces __________ (cell toxin), which affects the 80S __________, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein manufacturing)

A
  • cytotoxin

- ribosome

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28
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Produces cytotoxin (cell toxin), which affects the 80S ribosome, resulting in the __________ of protein synthesis and cell death. (stops protein __________)

A
  • inhibition

- manufacturing

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29
Q

-Disease: __________ -

Cells most likely to be affected are cells of the heart and kidneys.

A

Diphtheria

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30
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Cells most likely to be affected are cells of the __________ and __________.

A
  • heart

- kidneys

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31
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Reservoir: __________

A

Human

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32
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Reservoir:

  • Human: either sick __________ or __________.
  • Carriers harbor the organism in the nasopharynx region
A
  • people

- carriers

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33
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Reservoir:

  • Human: either sick people or carriers.
  • __________ harbor the organism in the __________ region
A
  • Carriers

- nasopharynx

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34
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Mode of Transmission: __________

A

Droplet

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35
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Signs & Symptoms:
The organism is __________ and only grows in the __________ region

A
  • noninvasive

- nasopharynx

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36
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Signs & Symptoms:
__________ :
Initial signs and symptoms include low-grade fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph glands. Can be misdiagnosed as “Strep” throat

A

Prodromal

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37
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Signs & Symptoms:
Prodromal:
Initial signs and symptoms include low-grade fever, sore __________ , difficulty swallowing, swollen __________ glands. Can be misdiagnosed as “__________” throat

A
  • throat
  • lymph
  • Strep
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38
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Signs & Symptoms:
__________ :
-Pseudomembrane forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the throat. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from suffocation
-Heart and kidney failure due to the effects of the toxin

A

Invasion

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39
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Signs & Symptoms:
Invasion:
-__________ forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the __________. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from suffocation
-Heart and kidney failure due to the effects of the toxin

A
  • Pseudomembrane

- throat

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40
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Signs & Symptoms:
Invasion :
-Pseudomembrane forms: grayish white membrane that forms in the back of the throat. If this blocks the air passage death can occur from __________
-Heart and __________ failure due to the effects of the toxin

A
  • suffocation

- kidney

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41
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Treatment:
__________ should be administered as soon as possible

A

Antiserum

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42
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

  • __________ to kill the bacterium that is alive in the __________
  • Tracheotomy
A
  • Antibiotics

- nasopharynx

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43
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

  • Antibiotics to kill the bacterium that is alive in the nasopharynx
  • __________
A

Tracheotomy

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44
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Prevention:
__________ :
Booster shots should be given every __ years

A
  • Vaccination

- 10

45
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Diphtheria is __________ because of vaccination

A

-sporadic

46
Q

-Disease: Diphtheria-

Diphtheria is sporadic because of __________

A

vaccination

47
Q

Disease: __________ : Whooping Cough (part of TDaP)

  • Disease of the lower respiratory system
  • Chronic disease

Etiology: Bordetella pertussis

A

Pertussis

48
Q

Disease: Pertussis: __________ (part of TDaP)

  • Disease of the lower respiratory system
  • Chronic disease

Etiology: Bordetella pertussis

A

Whooping Cough

49
Q

Disease: Pertussis: Whooping Cough (part of TDaP)

  • Disease of the lower __________ system
  • __________ disease

Etiology: Bordetella pertussis

A
  • respiratory

- Chronic

50
Q

Disease: Pertussis: Whooping Cough (part of TDaP)

  • Disease of the lower respiratory system
  • Chronic disease

Etiology: __________ pertussis

A

Bordetella

51
Q

-Disease: _________ -

fimbriae, produces numerous exotoxins

  • Tracheal cytotoxin: damage to ciliated cells
  • Leukotoxin
A

Pertussis

52
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

fimbriae, produces numerous _________
-Tracheal _________: damage to ciliated cells

A
  • exotoxins

- cytotoxin

53
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Reservoir: _________

A

Human

54
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Mode of Transmission: _________

A

Droplet

55
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Catarrhal (_________):
_________ (Invasion):

A
  • Prodromal

- Paroxysmal

56
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

_________ (Prodromal):
Paroxysmal (_________):

A
  • Catarrhal

- Invasion

57
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Catarrhal (Prodromal):  	
Signs and symptoms of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 		
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ during this stage
-All the bacteria are destroyed by immune cells by end of this stage
-The toxin continues to have an effect
A
  • common cold

- Contagious

58
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Catarrhal (Prodromal):
Signs and symptoms of a common cold
-Contagious during this stage
-All the bacteria are destroyed by _________ cells by end of this stage
-The _________ continues to have an effect

A
  • immune

- toxin

59
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Paroxysmal (Invasion):

  • _________with a gasp for air (“whoop” sound)
  • _________ during this stage
A
  • cough

- Noncommunicable

60
Q

-Disease: _________-

Treatment: Antibiotics before the paroxysmal stage

A

Pertussis

61
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Treatment: Antibiotics before the _________ stage

A

paroxysmal

62
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Prevention: _________ : Adults should get _________ shots

A
  • Vaccination

- booster

63
Q

-Disease: Pertussis-

Mortality rate is very low but those who do die usually die from _________ infections

A

secondary

64
Q

-Disease: _________ -

Mortality rate is very low but those who do die usually die from secondary infections

A

Pertussis

65
Q

-Disease: _________ -

The most common cause of the secondary infection is pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Pertussis

66
Q

-Disease: Pertussis -

The most common cause of the secondary infection is _________ caused by _________ pneumoniae

A
  • pneumonia

- Streptococcus

67
Q

-Disease: Pertussis -

In adults the disease is commonly misdiagnosed as _________
Adults don’t have violent cough with whoop sound

A

bronchitis

68
Q

Disease: Tetanus: nervous system disease (part of TDaP)

Etiology: _________ tetani

A

Clostridium

69
Q

Disease: _________: nervous system disease (part of TDaP)

Etiology: Clostridium tetani

A

Tetanus

70
Q

-Disease: _________ -

  • Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin.
  • Tetanospasmin causes muscle contraction without relaxation
A

Tetanus

71
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

-Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called _________,
which causes muscle contraction without _________

A
  • tetanospasmin

- relaxation

72
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

Reservoir: _________

A

Soil

73
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

Mode of Transmission: _________ contact by the _________ route

A
  • Indirect

- parenteral

74
Q

-Disease: _________ -

Prodromal:
commonly misdiagnosed as a migraine
-Restlessness, irritability and neck stiffness, sensitivity to light and sound, headache

A

Tetanus

75
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

commonly misdiagnosed as a _________
-Restlessness, _________ and neck stiffness, sensitivity to light and sound, _________

A
  • migraine
  • irritability
  • headache
76
Q

-Disease: _________ -

Invasion:

  • Lockjaw
  • Opisthotonos due to spastic paralysis (bowing of the back)
  • Risus sardonicus (sarcastic grin)
  • Death from respiratory distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)
A

Tetanus

77
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

Invasion:

  • _________
  • Opisthotonos due to spastic _________ (bowing of the back)
  • Risus sardonicus (sarcastic grin)
  • Death from respiratory distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)
A
  • Lockjaw

- paralysis

78
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

Invasion:

  • Lockjaw
  • Opisthotonos due to spastic paralysis (bowing of the back)
  • Risus _________ (sarcastic grin)
  • Death from _________ distress (aspiration of regurgitated stomach contents into the lung) (drowning in own vomit)
A
  • sardonicus

- respiratory

79
Q

-Disease: _________ -

Treatment:
-Tetanus antitoxin (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible
-Clean wound with hydrogen peroxide
H2O2——catalase—H2O + O2
This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate)
-Antibiotics

A

Tetanus

80
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

Treatment:
-Tetanus _________ (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible
-Clean wound with _________ peroxide
H2O2——catalase—H2O + O2
This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate)
-Antibiotics

A
  • antitoxin

- hydrogen

81
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

Treatment:
-Tetanus antitoxin (TIG—tetanus immune globulin) should be given as soon as possible
-Clean wound with hydrogen peroxide
H2O2– _________ –H2O + O2
This will make the wound aerobic (So it does not germinate)
- _________

A
  • catalase

- Antibiotics

82
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

Prevention: _________: toxoid vaccine, booster shots given every __ years

A
  • Vaccination

- 10

83
Q

-Disease: _________ -

Prevention: Vaccination: toxoid vaccine, booster shots given every 10 years

A

Tetanus

84
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

  • Tetanus has a very high _________ rate
  • The disease is sporadic in the U.S.A. - Due to _________
A
  • mortality

- vaccination

85
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

  • There are over 100,000 _________ that get the disease and die every year.
  • This is called Tetanus _________
A
  • newborns

- neonatorum

86
Q

-Disease: Tetanus-

Occurs in cultures where dirty instruments are used to perform _________ or to cut the umbilical cord. Then the _________ if often covered with a mixture of dung, dirt, ash and water.

A
  • circumcision

- wound

87
Q

Disease: _________ (Food intoxication): nervous system disease

Etiology: Clostridium botulinum

A

Botulism

88
Q

Disease: Botulism (_________): nervous system disease

Etiology: Clostridium botulinum

A

Food intoxication

89
Q

Disease: Botulism (Food intoxication): nervous system disease

Etiology: _________ botulinum

A

Clostridium

90
Q

-Disease: _________ -

Produces exotoxin that is a neurotoxin called botulin
Botulin causes muscle relaxation

A

Botulism

91
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

  • Produces exotoxin that is a _________ called botulin
  • _________ causes muscle relaxation
A
  • neurotoxin

- Botulin

92
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Reservoir: _________

A

Soil

93
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Mode of Transmission:

  • Vehicle: _________
  • _________ acid improperly canned foods are especially implicated
  • Acid blocks _________ germination
  • High acid foods are red tomatoes, fermented food, and citrus fruit
  • Low acid foods are green and yellow vegetables and meat
A
  • food borne
  • Low
  • endospore
94
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Mode of Transmission:

  • Vehicle: foodborne
  • Low acid improperly canned foods are especially implicated
  • Acid blocks endospore germination
  • _________ acid foods are red tomatoes, fermented food, and citrus fruit
  • Low acid foods are _________ and _________ vegetables and meat
A
  • High
  • green
  • yellow
95
Q

-Disease: Botulism-
_________ :
-Blurred or double vision, slurred speech, difficulty walking - Stroke, intoxication
_________ :
-Progressive flaccid paralysis
-Respiratory paralysis -Due to the diaphragm will not contract

A
  • Prodromal

- Invasion

96
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Prodromal:
-Blurred or double _________, slurred speech, difficulty walking - _________, intoxication

A
  • vision

- Stroke

97
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Invasion:

  • Progressive _________ paralysis
  • _________ paralysis -Due to the diaphragm will not contract
A
  • flaccid

- Respiratory

98
Q

-Disease: _________ -

Treatment:

  • Antitoxin should be given as soon as possible
  • Patients are put on a respirator to keep them alive until the toxin wears off and their diaphragm can contract.
A

Botulism

99
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Treatment:

  • _________ should be given as soon as possible
  • Patients are put on a _________ to keep them alive until the toxin wears off and their _________ can contract.
A
  • Antitoxin
  • respirator
  • diaphragm
100
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Prevention:

  • _________ : not commonly given to civilians
  • _________ food to 100 0C for >30 min (in practice this is not very feasible)
A
  • Vaccination

- Heat

101
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Prevention:
Properly process _________ acid foods that are going to be canned. Low acid food should be _________ canned (use of a pressure cooker to destroy endospores)

A
  • low

- pressure

102
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Commercial _________ for canned products - Uses _________ treatment

A
  • sterilization

- UHT

103
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Wound botulism: Acquired through the _________ route

A

parenteral

104
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Botulin has the lowest _________ of any known toxin

A

L.D.

105
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Nitrates and _________ are added to meat products to prevent _________ of Clostridium botulinum from germinating.

A
  • nitrites

- endospores

106
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

When meat such as hot dogs or bacon is cooked at _________ temperature the nitrates and nitrites will react with amino-acids in the meat to form chemicals called _________.

A
  • high

- nitrosamines

107
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Nitrosamine fails the test for _________. Long–term consumption of these compounds has been linked to _________ cancer

A
  • mutagenicity

- liver

108
Q

-Disease: Botulism-

Mutagenic - Products that are mutagenic have high risk of being _________

A

carcinogenic

Microbiology 156 (17 decks)

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