Lecture Exam 2 - Notes: pages 1-3 Flashcards
1
Q
Microbial Growth = Microbial __________
A
Reproduction
2
Q
Reproduction by bacterial cells is called __________
A
Binary Fission
3
Q
Binary Fission:
This means that a single parent cell will divide __________ forming 2 __________ cells
A
- asexually
- daughter
4
Q
The daughter cells are __________ identical to the __________ cell
A
- genetically
- parent
5
Q
The time that it takes for binary fission to occur is called __________
A
generation time (G.T.)
6
Q
-generation time (G.T.)-
This type of growth where the population doubles every generation is called __________
A
exponential growth
7
Q
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BSL3) has a generation time of ___ hours- -slow growing
A
12
8
Q
As G.T. __________ (long)——Growth rate __________ (slow)
A
- increases
- decreases
9
Q
As G.T. increases (__________) —–> Growth rate decreases (__________)
A
- long
- slow
10
Q
As G.T. increases (long)——Growth rate decreases (slow) - [long=slow G.T - __________ ]
A
refrigerated
11
Q
As G.T. decreases (short)—-Growth rate increases (fast) - [short=fast G.T. - __________ ]
A
room temperature or hotter
12
Q
As G.T. decreases (__________) –> Growth rate increase (__________)
A
- short
- fast
13
Q
__________ will affect generation time.
A
Temperature
14
Q
As __________ decreases—-G.T. increases—–Growth rate decreases
A
temperature
15
Q
As temperature decreases—-G.T. increases—–Growth rate __________
A
decreases
16
Q
Low temperature has a __________ effect not a bactericidal effect.
A
bacteriostatic
17
Q
Low temperature has a bacteriostatic effect not a __________ effect.
A
bactericidal
18
Q
__________ : something that will inhibit bacterial growth without killing (low temperature)
A
Bacteriostatic
19
Q
__________ : something that will kill bacteria (very high temperature)
A
Bactericidal
20
Q
Bactericidal: something that will kill bacteria (__________ temperature)
A
very high
21
Q
Bacteriostatic: something that will inhibit bacterial growth without killing (__________ temperature)
A
low
22
Q
Refrigeration should be used for __________ term storage.
A
short
23
Q
Deep freeze can be used for __________ term storage.
A
long
24
Q
Freezing temperatures make bacteria __________
A
dormant
25
To __________ food, means to leave food out at the wrong temperature for too long of a time period.
temperature abuse
26
The recommendation to thaw food is to thaw it in the __________, or defrost it in the __________
- refrigerator
| - microwave
27
The microwave __________ an effective means for killing bacteria
is not
28
I.D. = __________
Infectious dose
29
L.D. = __________
Lethal dose
30
__________ : the minimum amount of a microbe that it takes to cause an infection
I.D. = Infectious dose
31
__________ : the minimum amount of a microbe or minimum amount of toxin that it takes to kill
L.D. = Lethal dose
32
As L.D. or I.D. __________ --> increase the __________ of the microbe
- decreases
| - virulence
33
The most __________ microbes have very __________ infectious doses or lethal doses
- virulent
| - low
34
Don’t eat food that is left out for too long because there is a __________ to get disease-
POTENTIAL
35
Reasons food can be left out and you don’t get sick:
- __________ - you developed immunity to the microbes
- There are no __________ in the food
- immune system
| - pathogens
36
__________ : a known quantity of bacteria is added to broth. The lid is put on the tube, and from that point until the end of the experiment nothing is added to the broth nor is anything taken out
Closed system
37
Closed system: a known quantity of bacteria is added to __________. The lid is put on the tube, and from that point until the end of the experiment nothing is __________ to the broth nor is anything taken out
- broth
| - added
38
-Closed system-
The population of bacteria moves through 4 stages:
-
-
-Stationary phase
-Death phase
- Lag phase
| - Log phase
39
-Closed system-
The population of bacteria moves through 4 stages:
-Lag phase
-Log phase
-
-
- Stationary phase
| - Death phase
40
-Closed system-
__________ phase : no reproduction but the cells are adjusting to their new environment;
Getting ready to reproduce
Lag
41
-Closed system-
Lag phase: no reproduction but the cells are adjusting to their new __________ ;
Getting ready to __________
- environment
| - reproduce
42
-Closed system-
__________ phase: also called the exponential phase. This is the phase where reproduction is at a maximum. Generation time is at a minimum.
Log
43
-Closed system-
Log phase: also called the __________ phase. This is the phase where reproduction is at a __________. Generation time is at a minimum.
- exponential
| - maximum
44
-Closed system-
__________ phase: The curve levels off because the rate of reproduction is balanced out by the rate of cell death. The occurs because of 2 factors
Depletion of nutrients
Buildup of organic waste
Stationary
45
-Closed system-
Stationary phase: The curve levels off because the rate of reproduction is balanced out by the rate of cell __________. The occurs because of 2 factors
-Depletion of nutrients
-Buildup of organic waste
-death
| -
46
-Closed system-
Stationary phase: The curve levels off because the rate of reproduction is balanced out by the rate of cell death. The occurs because of 2 factors
-Depletion of __________
-Buildup of __________ waste
- nutrients
| - organic
47
-Closed system-
__________ phase: The rate of cell dying is now greater than the rate of new cells being formed.
-Nutrients are completely depleted
-Too much organic waste is formed
Death
48
-Closed system-
Death phase: The rate of cell __________ is now greater than the rate of new __________ being formed.
-Nutrients are completely depleted
-Too much organic waste is formed
- dying
| - cells
49
-Closed system-
Death phase: The rate of cell dying is now greater than the rate of new cells being formed.
-Nutrients are completely __________
-__________ organic waste is formed
- depleted
| - Too much
50
2 Genera of bacteria will not reach zero at the end of death phase. These are __________ and __________.
- Bacillus
| - Clostridium
51
2 Genera of bacteria will not reach zero at the end of death phase. These are Bacillus and Clostridium. Species of these organisms have __________, which remain in a __________ state.
- endospores
| - dormant
52
Phases of Growth for an open system:
__________ phase
__________ phase
- Lag
| - Log
53
-Open system-
__________ phase: no reproduction but the cells are adjusting to their new environment; getting ready to reproduce (newborns)
Lag
54
-Open system-
__________ phase: also called the exponential phase. This is the phase where reproduction is at a maximum. Generation time is at a minimum
Log
55
-Open system-
Lag phase: no reproduction but the cells are __________ to their new environment; getting ready to reproduce (__________)
- adjusting
| - newborns
56
-Open system-
Log phase: also called the __________ phase. This is the phase where reproduction is at a maximum. __________ time is at a minimum.
- exponential
| - Generation
57
There is no stationary or death phase in an __________ system since there is always more __________ added, and there is no buildup of waste.
- open
| - nutrients
58
Our __________ is an example of an open system
intestinal tract
59
__________ : Bacteria in the blood i.e. This occurs after brushing teeth, Equivalent to lag phase of growth
Bacteremia
60
Bacteremia: Bacteria in the blood i.e. This occurs after brushing __________, Equivalent to __________ phase of growth
- teeth
| - lag
61
__________ : Bacteria growing in the blood. Equivalent to log/exponential phase of growth
Septicemia
62
Septicemia: Bacteria growing in the blood. Equivalent to __________ phase of growth
log/exponential
63
__________ : Virus found in the blood
AIDS results in viremia with high mortality
Chickenpox results in viremia with low mortality
Viremia
64
Viremia: Virus found in the blood
__________ results in viremia with __________ mortality
Chickenpox results in viremia with low mortality
- AIDS
| - high
65
Viremia: Virus found in the blood
AIDS results in viremia with high mortality
__________ results in viremia with __________ mortality
- Chickenpox
| - low
66
__________ period: time period from the initial contact with the microbe, to the time period just before the first appearance of the first signs/symptoms.
Incubation
67
Incubation period: time period from the initial contact with the __________, to the time period just before the first appearance of the first __________.
- microbe
| - signs/symptoms
68
Incubation period: There are no signs/symptoms during this stage. (ideal time to treat __________) (can be a __________ here)
- rabies
| - carrier
69
__________ period: Time period when there are mild signs/symptoms. The signs/symptoms during this stage are subjective and it is difficult for physicians to diagnose a specific disease during this stage.
Prodromal
70
Prodromal period: Time period when there are __________ signs/symptoms. The signs/symptoms during this stage are __________ and it is difficult for physicians to diagnose a specific disease during this stage.
- mild
| - subjective
71
Prodromal period: Time period when there are mild signs/symptoms. The signs/symptoms during this stage are subjective and it is difficult for physicians to __________ a specific __________ during this stage.
- diagnose
| - disease
72
__________ period: Overt signs/symptoms. This is also known as the period of illness. Disease is most likely to be diagnosed during this stage.
Invasion
73
Invasion period: Overt signs/symptoms. This is also known as the period of __________. Disease is __________ to be diagnosed during this stage.
- illness
| - most likely
74
__________ period: Signs/symptoms begin to subside.
Decline
75
Decline period: Signs/symptoms begin to __________.
subside
76
__________ period: Period of recovery. There are no signs/symptoms during this stage. (can be a carrier here)
Convalescent
77
Convalescent period: Period of recovery. There are __________ signs/symptoms during this stage. (can be a __________ here)
- no
| - carrier
78
__________ stage: dormant stage. Infection cannot be transmitted from person-person
-Can go into Reactivation, sending it back into stage 1 Incubation (not reinfected, just reactivated)
Latent
79
Latent stage: dormant stage. Infection __________ be transmitted from person-person
-Can go into __________, sending it back into stage 1 Incubation (not reinfected, just reactivated)
- cannot
| - Reactivation
80
Latent stage: dormant stage. Infection cannot be transmitted from person-person
-Can go into Reactivation, sending it back into stage 1 Incubation (not __________, just __________)
- reinfected
| - reactivated
81
-Can not distinguish between incubation, __________, and latent
-convalescent
82
-Can not distinguish between __________, convalescent, and __________
- incubation
| - latent
83
All herpes viruses are __________ viruses
latent
84
__________ - treatment is vaccination - Treatment is based on presumption of exposure
Rabies
85
-Rabies - treatment is vaccination - Treatment is based on presumption of __________
exposure
86
__________ can be transmitted during any of the 5 stages of infection/disease
Infection
87
-5 stages of infection/disease-
```
1.
2. Prodromal
3.
4. Decline
5. Convalescent
```
1. Incubation
| 3. Invasion
88
-5 stages of infection/disease-
```
1. Incubation
2.
3. Invasion
4.
5. Convalescent
```
2. Prodromal
| 4. Decline
89
-5 stages of infection/disease-
1. Incubation
2. Prodromal
3. Invasion
4. Decline
5.
5. Convalescent
