Lecture Exam 1 - Notes: pages 6-16 Flashcards
_________ : microbes that are naturally found in and on the body.
Normal flora
The majority of normal flora are _________, but all of them are opportunistic
nonpathogenic
_________ - A person who is infected with a pathogen but doesn’t have any signs or symptoms of a disease (not sick)
Carrier
_________ Infection - doesn’t have any signs or symptoms of a disease (not sick)
Subclinical
_________ Infection - Have signs and symptoms (you’re sick)
Clinical
Age Gender Hygiene Drugs Genetics Nutrition Stress
Factors that can influence the numbers of _________
normal flora
The uterus and its contents are normally sterile during _________ and fetal development and remain germ free until just before _________
- embryonic
- birth
8-12 hours after delivery the newborn is typically colonized by _________ such as Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Lactobacilli
microbes
Breast fed infants acquire primarily _________ species whose growth is favored by a growth factor from milk (Oligopolysacchrides)
Bifidobacterium
Breast fed infants acquire primarily Bifidobacterium species whose growth is favored by a growth factor from milk (_________ )
Oligopolysacchrides
_________ : It produces products that protect the infant from pathogens. (kills the pathogens)
Bifidobacterium
Skin and its contiguous mucous membranes Upper respiratory tract Gastrointestinal tract Outer opening of the urethra External genitalia Vagina External ear canal External eye (lids, conjunctiva)
_________-
Sites that harbor Normal flora
_________ ;
All internal tissues and organs
Fluid with in organs or tissue
Sites that are sterile
_________ (germ free; have no microbes in or on them)
axenic animals
_________ : Preparation of live microbes used as a preventive o therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens.
Probiotic
_________ : A non-digestible food product that is taken to enhance the growth of beneficial microbes in the body.
Prebiotic
_________ : The active cultures in yogurt - Any fermented food
Probiotic
_________ : The oligopolysaccharides in breast milk. -Fiber
Prebiotic
oligopolysaccharides = type of _________
sugar
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Nonpathogenic bacteria Oral flora G.I. flora Vaginal flora
Lactobacillus
_________ :
Produces acid as it grows, and grows best in an acidic environment
It is called an acidophile
Lactobacillus
_________ :
Pathogenic yeast
Oral flora, G.I flora, and Vaginal flora
Grows best around a neutral pH (neutrophile)
Acid will kill or inhibit the growth of Candia
Candida
_________ :
If Candida grows it will cause Candidiasis (yeast infection)
Vaginal Candidiasis
Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)
Candidiasis is treated using anti-fungal drugs
Candida
Under normal circumstances high levels of _________ protect us from candidiasis
lactobacillus
Under normal circumstances high levels of lactobacillus protect us from candidiasis. But the use of _________ may change the balance of flora resulting in disease.
antibiotics
_________ most commonly occurs in one of 3 ways:
Antibiotic induced
Immune deficiency
Direct contact - Physical contact
Candidiasis
_________ - Infection caused by a microbe that comes from another source
Exogenesis
_________ - disease potential always there, just the normal flora was changed
Candida
_________ Infection - Infection caused by the persons normal flora
Endogenesis
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Nonpathogenic bacteria Normal flora in the G. I tract Produces Bacteriocins as it grows Bacteriocins will prevent endospore germination
E. coli
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Pathogenic bacteria Endospore former Anaerobe - will only grow in the absence of oxygen Produces toxins as it grows - (poisons)
Clostridium difficle
Clostridium difficult:
If it grows in the G.I tract, signs/symptoms range from a mild diarrhea to colitis, called _________ colitis.
This can result in ulceration and perforation of the intestinal wall.
Pseudomembranous
Under normal circumstances high levels of E. coli protect us from _________ associated diarrhea. But the use of antibiotics may change the balance of flora resulting in disease.
C. difficle
Clostridium difficle:
Treatment involves using Vancomycin to treat the colitis, and Flagyl is given to prevent _________ germination.
endospore
Vancomycin & Flagyl are _________
Antibiotics
C. difficle associated diarrhea
Last resort treatment: _________ (fecal replacement therapy)
Bacteriotherapy
Patients with signs/symptoms of Clostridium difficle infection should be in _________ . (Gloves, gowns, covering over shoes) - (Instruments used should be dedicated to the room)
contact isolation
Areas contaminated with Clostridium difficle must be disinfected with a _________ (will destroy endospores.
sporicidal agent
Theory of _________ :
life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter (Theory Not accepted Today)
Spontaneous Generation
Theory of Spontaneous Generation:
life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter (Theory _________ Today)
Not accepted
Theory of _________ :
life arises from preexisting life (Theory Accepted today)
Biogenesis
Theory of Biogenesis
life arises from preexisting life (Theory _________ today)
Accepted
Germ Theory of Disease: Microbes are the cause of _________
some diseases
Milk is pasteurized to kill _________ , the non-pathogens still survive
pathogens
Milk spoils due to the growth of the _________ microbes in it.
nonpathogenic
_________ :
This is a sterilization process commonly used on coffee creamer
UHT: Ultra High Temperature
_________ = to destroy all life
Sterilization
_________ = free of all life
Sterile
1 microbe (many strains) ———causes _________
many diseases
Many microbes—cause the _________
same disease
_________ : obligate intracellular parasites (require other cells to reproduce in)
Viruses
_________ cannot be grown in pure culture
Viruses
disease _________ to provide protection from the more deadly smallpox
cowpox
Cowpox: low mortality: caused by _________ virus
Vaccinia
Smallpox: high mortality: caused by _________ virus
Variola
_________ is the only disease to be completely eradicated from the world using a worldwide vaccination campaign
Smallpox
Smallpox vaccine : consist of active _________ virus
vaccinia
Vaccination/Immunization: done to _________ disease (disease prevention)
prevent
Vaccination is not used to _________ a disease.
treat
_________ vaccination was used in the smallpox eradication campaign. This means that all susceptible people in an area (ring) around an outbreak of the disease are vaccinated.
Ring
Vaccination/Immunization: process of intentional exposure to an _________
antigen
_________ : agent that initiates antibody formation
A foreign substance that the immune system will recognize as “nonself”.
Antigen
_________ : protein produced in response to an antigen
Antibodies are called immunoglobulins
Antibody
After exposure to an antigen the body develops an _________ (memory) response.
anamnestic
When 85-95% of a population is immune the entire population is generally protected from epidemics. This is the concept of _________ immunity.
herd
_________ vaccine: live/active but the organism will not cause disease. (avirulent)
Sabin polio (world-wide polio eradication campaign)
MMR [measles, mumps, rubella (German measles)]
Chickenpox (Varicella-Zoster virus)
Attenuated
Attenuated vaccines can revert (reversion) from avirulent to virulent if person has an _________
immune deficiency.
_________ vaccine: the microbe is destroyed. A person is injected with all the pieces
Salk polio vaccine (polio vaccine used in America)
Influenza vaccine
Killed/Inactivated
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ vaccine: consists of parts of a microbe Acellular Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Subunit
_________ : inactive toxin
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Toxoid
_________ : toxoid joined to a capsule
HiB (Haemophilus influenzae type b):
Pneumococcal
Conjugated
_________ vaccine:
Gardasil contains 4 strains of HPV
HPV
Genetically engineered
_________ = No herd immunity
Gardasil
Vaccine didn’t “take” - Person did not develop an _________ response
anamnestic
_________ : the treatment of disease by chemical substances
Chemotherapy
_________ : produced naturally by microbes
Antibiotics
_________ : produced from chemicals in a lab - Artificial compound
Synthetic drugs
_________ : an antibiotic that has been altered chemically in a lab
Semi-synthetic
_________ : Prevention of disease using a chemotherapeutic agent (drug)
Prophylaxis
_________ : used to treat syphilis.
Salvarsan
_________ aureus, which is the leading cause of surgical wound infections
Staphylococcus
The overuse and inappropriate use of chemotherapeutic drugs has resulted in many microbes becoming :
drug resistant
_________ : the drug cannot kill the organism
Resistant
_________ : the drug can kill the organism
Sensitive
_________ - Resistant to every antibiotic available
Pan resistant
