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Microbiology 156 > Lecture Exam 1 - Notes: pages 6-16 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 - Notes: pages 6-16 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ : microbes that are naturally found in and on the body.

A

Normal flora

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2
Q

The majority of normal flora are _________, but all of them are opportunistic

A

nonpathogenic

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3
Q

_________ - A person who is infected with a pathogen but doesn’t have any signs or symptoms of a disease (not sick)

A

Carrier

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4
Q

_________ Infection - doesn’t have any signs or symptoms of a disease (not sick)

A

Subclinical

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5
Q

_________ Infection - Have signs and symptoms (you’re sick)

A

Clinical

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6
Q 
Age
Gender
Hygiene
Drugs
Genetics
Nutrition
Stress

Factors that can influence the numbers of _________

A

normal flora

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7
Q

The uterus and its contents are normally sterile during _________ and fetal development and remain germ free until just before _________

A
  • embryonic

- birth

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8
Q

8-12 hours after delivery the newborn is typically colonized by _________ such as Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Lactobacilli

A

microbes

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9
Q

Breast fed infants acquire primarily _________ species whose growth is favored by a growth factor from milk (Oligopolysacchrides)

A

Bifidobacterium

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10
Q

Breast fed infants acquire primarily Bifidobacterium species whose growth is favored by a growth factor from milk (_________ )

A

Oligopolysacchrides

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11
Q

_________ : It produces products that protect the infant from pathogens. (kills the pathogens)

A

Bifidobacterium

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12
Q 
Skin and its contiguous mucous membranes
Upper respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Outer opening of the urethra
External genitalia
Vagina
External ear canal
External eye (lids, conjunctiva)

_________-

A

Sites that harbor Normal flora

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13
Q

_________ ;
All internal tissues and organs
Fluid with in organs or tissue

A

Sites that are sterile

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14
Q

_________ (germ free; have no microbes in or on them)

A

axenic animals

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15
Q

_________ : Preparation of live microbes used as a preventive o therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens.

A

Probiotic

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16
Q

_________ : A non-digestible food product that is taken to enhance the growth of beneficial microbes in the body.

A

Prebiotic

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17
Q

_________ : The active cultures in yogurt - Any fermented food

A

Probiotic

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18
Q

_________ : The oligopolysaccharides in breast milk. -Fiber

A

Prebiotic

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19
Q

oligopolysaccharides = type of _________

A

sugar

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20
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : 
Nonpathogenic bacteria
Oral flora
G.I. flora
Vaginal flora
A

Lactobacillus

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21
Q

_________ :
Produces acid as it grows, and grows best in an acidic environment
It is called an acidophile

A

Lactobacillus

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22
Q

_________ :
Pathogenic yeast
Oral flora, G.I flora, and Vaginal flora
Grows best around a neutral pH (neutrophile)
Acid will kill or inhibit the growth of Candia

A

Candida

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23
Q

_________ :
If Candida grows it will cause Candidiasis (yeast infection)
Vaginal Candidiasis
Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)
Candidiasis is treated using anti-fungal drugs

A

Candida

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24
Q

Under normal circumstances high levels of _________ protect us from candidiasis

A

lactobacillus

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25
Under normal circumstances high levels of lactobacillus protect us from candidiasis. But the use of _________ may change the balance of flora resulting in disease.
antibiotics
26
_________ most commonly occurs in one of 3 ways: Antibiotic induced Immune deficiency Direct contact - Physical contact
Candidiasis
27
_________ - Infection caused by a microbe that comes from another source
Exogenesis
28
_________ - disease potential always there, just the normal flora was changed
Candida
29
_________ Infection - Infection caused by the persons normal flora
Endogenesis
30
``` _________ : Nonpathogenic bacteria Normal flora in the G. I tract Produces Bacteriocins as it grows Bacteriocins will prevent endospore germination ```
E. coli
31
``` _________ : Pathogenic bacteria ­Endospore former Anaerobe - will only grow in the absence of oxygen Produces toxins as it grows - (poisons) ```
Clostridium difficle
32
Clostridium difficult: If it grows in the G.I tract, signs/symptoms range from a mild diarrhea to colitis, called _________ colitis. This can result in ulceration and perforation of the intestinal wall.
Pseudomembranous
33
Under normal circumstances high levels of E. coli protect us from _________ associated diarrhea. But the use of antibiotics may change the balance of flora resulting in disease.
C. difficle
34
Clostridium difficle: | Treatment involves using Vancomycin to treat the colitis, and Flagyl is given to prevent _________ germination.
endospore
35
Vancomycin & Flagyl are _________
Antibiotics
36
C. difficle associated diarrhea | Last resort treatment: _________ (fecal replacement therapy)
Bacteriotherapy
37
Patients with signs/symptoms of Clostridium difficle infection should be in _________ . (Gloves, gowns, covering over shoes) - (Instruments used should be dedicated to the room)
contact isolation
38
Areas contaminated with Clostridium difficle must be disinfected with a _________ (will destroy endospores.
sporicidal agent
39
Theory of _________ : | life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter (Theory Not accepted Today)
Spontaneous Generation
40
Theory of Spontaneous Generation: | life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter (Theory _________ Today)
Not accepted
41
Theory of _________ : | life arises from preexisting life (Theory Accepted today)
Biogenesis
42
Theory of Biogenesis | life arises from preexisting life (Theory _________ today)
Accepted
43
Germ Theory of Disease: Microbes are the cause of _________
some diseases
44
Milk is pasteurized to kill _________ , the non-pathogens still survive
pathogens
45
Milk spoils due to the growth of the _________ microbes in it.
nonpathogenic
46
_________ : | This is a sterilization process commonly used on coffee creamer
UHT: Ultra High Temperature
47
_________ = to destroy all life
Sterilization
48
_________ = free of all life
Sterile
49
1 microbe (many strains) ———causes _________
many diseases
50
Many microbes---cause the _________
same disease
51
_________ : obligate intracellular parasites (require other cells to reproduce in)
Viruses
52
_________ cannot be grown in pure culture
Viruses
53
disease _________ to provide protection from the more deadly smallpox
cowpox
54
Cowpox: low mortality: caused by _________ virus
Vaccinia
55
Smallpox: high mortality: caused by _________ virus
Variola
56
_________ is the only disease to be completely eradicated from the world using a worldwide vaccination campaign
Smallpox
57
Smallpox vaccine : consist of active _________ virus
vaccinia
58
Vaccination/Immunization: done to _________ disease (disease prevention)
prevent
59
Vaccination is not used to _________ a disease.
treat
60
_________ vaccination was used in the smallpox eradication campaign. This means that all susceptible people in an area (ring) around an outbreak of the disease are vaccinated.
Ring
61
Vaccination/Immunization: process of intentional exposure to an _________
antigen
62
_________ : agent that initiates antibody formation | A foreign substance that the immune system will recognize as “nonself”.
Antigen
63
_________ : protein produced in response to an antigen | Antibodies are called immunoglobulins
Antibody
64
After exposure to an antigen the body develops an _________ (memory) response.
anamnestic
65
When 85-95% of a population is immune the entire population is generally protected from epidemics. This is the concept of _________ immunity.
herd
66
_________ vaccine: live/active but the organism will not cause disease. (avirulent) Sabin polio (world-wide polio eradication campaign) MMR [measles, mumps, rubella (German measles)] Chickenpox (Varicella-Zoster virus)
Attenuated
67
Attenuated vaccines can revert (reversion) from avirulent to virulent if person has an _________
immune deficiency.
68
_________ vaccine: the microbe is destroyed. A person is injected with all the pieces Salk polio vaccine (polio vaccine used in America) Influenza vaccine
Killed/Inactivated
69
``` _________ vaccine: consists of parts of a microbe Acellular Pertussis (Whooping cough) ```
Subunit
70
_________ : inactive toxin Tetanus Diphtheria
Toxoid
71
_________ : toxoid joined to a capsule HiB (Haemophilus influenzae type b): Pneumococcal
Conjugated
72
_________ vaccine: Gardasil contains 4 strains of HPV HPV
Genetically engineered
73
_________ = No herd immunity
Gardasil
74
Vaccine didn't “take” - Person did not develop an _________ response
anamnestic
75
_________ : the treatment of disease by chemical substances
Chemotherapy
76
_________ : produced naturally by microbes
Antibiotics
77
_________ : produced from chemicals in a lab - Artificial compound
Synthetic drugs
78
_________ : an antibiotic that has been altered chemically in a lab
Semi-synthetic
79
_________ : Prevention of disease using a chemotherapeutic agent (drug)
Prophylaxis
80
_________ : used to treat syphilis.
Salvarsan
81
_________ aureus, which is the leading cause of surgical wound infections
Staphylococcus
82
The overuse and inappropriate use of chemotherapeutic drugs has resulted in many microbes becoming :
drug resistant
83
_________ : the drug cannot kill the organism
Resistant
84
_________ : the drug can kill the organism
Sensitive
85
_________ - Resistant to every antibiotic available
Pan resistant

Microbiology 156 (17 decks)

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