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Microbiology 156 > Lecture Exam 1 - Notes: pages 6-16 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 - Notes: pages 6-16 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ : microbes that are naturally found in and on the body.

A

Normal flora

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2
Q

The majority of normal flora are _________, but all of them are opportunistic

A

nonpathogenic

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3
Q

_________ - A person who is infected with a pathogen but doesn’t have any signs or symptoms of a disease (not sick)

A

Carrier

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4
Q

_________ Infection - doesn’t have any signs or symptoms of a disease (not sick)

A

Subclinical

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5
Q

_________ Infection - Have signs and symptoms (you’re sick)

A

Clinical

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6
Q 
Age
Gender
Hygiene
Drugs
Genetics
Nutrition
Stress

Factors that can influence the numbers of _________

A

normal flora

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7
Q

The uterus and its contents are normally sterile during _________ and fetal development and remain germ free until just before _________

A
  • embryonic

- birth

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8
Q

8-12 hours after delivery the newborn is typically colonized by _________ such as Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Lactobacilli

A

microbes

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9
Q

Breast fed infants acquire primarily _________ species whose growth is favored by a growth factor from milk (Oligopolysacchrides)

A

Bifidobacterium

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10
Q

Breast fed infants acquire primarily Bifidobacterium species whose growth is favored by a growth factor from milk (_________ )

A

Oligopolysacchrides

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11
Q

_________ : It produces products that protect the infant from pathogens. (kills the pathogens)

A

Bifidobacterium

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12
Q 
Skin and its contiguous mucous membranes
Upper respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Outer opening of the urethra
External genitalia
Vagina
External ear canal
External eye (lids, conjunctiva)

_________-

A

Sites that harbor Normal flora

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13
Q

_________ ;
All internal tissues and organs
Fluid with in organs or tissue

A

Sites that are sterile

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14
Q

_________ (germ free; have no microbes in or on them)

A

axenic animals

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15
Q

_________ : Preparation of live microbes used as a preventive o therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens.

A

Probiotic

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16
Q

_________ : A non-digestible food product that is taken to enhance the growth of beneficial microbes in the body.

A

Prebiotic

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17
Q

_________ : The active cultures in yogurt - Any fermented food

A

Probiotic

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18
Q

_________ : The oligopolysaccharides in breast milk. -Fiber

A

Prebiotic

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19
Q

oligopolysaccharides = type of _________

A

sugar

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20
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : 
Nonpathogenic bacteria
Oral flora
G.I. flora
Vaginal flora
A

Lactobacillus

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21
Q

_________ :
Produces acid as it grows, and grows best in an acidic environment
It is called an acidophile

A

Lactobacillus

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22
Q

_________ :
Pathogenic yeast
Oral flora, G.I flora, and Vaginal flora
Grows best around a neutral pH (neutrophile)
Acid will kill or inhibit the growth of Candia

A

Candida

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23
Q

_________ :
If Candida grows it will cause Candidiasis (yeast infection)
Vaginal Candidiasis
Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)
Candidiasis is treated using anti-fungal drugs

A

Candida

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24
Q

Under normal circumstances high levels of _________ protect us from candidiasis

A

lactobacillus

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25
Q

Under normal circumstances high levels of lactobacillus protect us from candidiasis. But the use of _________ may change the balance of flora resulting in disease.

A

antibiotics

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26
Q

_________ most commonly occurs in one of 3 ways:
Antibiotic induced
Immune deficiency
Direct contact - Physical contact

A

Candidiasis

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27
Q

_________ - Infection caused by a microbe that comes from another source

A

Exogenesis

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28
Q

_________ - disease potential always there, just the normal flora was changed

A

Candida

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29
Q

_________ Infection - Infection caused by the persons normal flora

A

Endogenesis

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30
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ :  
Nonpathogenic bacteria
Normal flora in the G. I tract
Produces Bacteriocins as it grows
Bacteriocins will prevent endospore germination
A

E. coli

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31
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ :
Pathogenic bacteria
­Endospore former
Anaerobe - will only grow in the absence of oxygen
Produces toxins as it grows - (poisons)
A

Clostridium difficle

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32
Q

Clostridium difficult:
If it grows in the G.I tract, signs/symptoms range from a mild diarrhea to colitis, called _________ colitis.
This can result in ulceration and perforation of the intestinal wall.

A

Pseudomembranous

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33
Q

Under normal circumstances high levels of E. coli protect us from _________ associated diarrhea. But the use of antibiotics may change the balance of flora resulting in disease.

A

C. difficle

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34
Q

Clostridium difficle:

Treatment involves using Vancomycin to treat the colitis, and Flagyl is given to prevent _________ germination.

A

endospore

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35
Q

Vancomycin & Flagyl are _________

A

Antibiotics

36
Q

C. difficle associated diarrhea

Last resort treatment: _________ (fecal replacement therapy)

A

Bacteriotherapy

37
Q

Patients with signs/symptoms of Clostridium difficle infection should be in _________ . (Gloves, gowns, covering over shoes) - (Instruments used should be dedicated to the room)

A

contact isolation

38
Q

Areas contaminated with Clostridium difficle must be disinfected with a _________ (will destroy endospores.

A

sporicidal agent

39
Q

Theory of _________ :

life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter (Theory Not accepted Today)

A

Spontaneous Generation

40
Q

Theory of Spontaneous Generation:

life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter (Theory _________ Today)

A

Not accepted

41
Q

Theory of _________ :

life arises from preexisting life (Theory Accepted today)

A

Biogenesis

42
Q

Theory of Biogenesis

life arises from preexisting life (Theory _________ today)

43
Q

Germ Theory of Disease: Microbes are the cause of _________

A

some diseases

44
Q

Milk is pasteurized to kill _________ , the non-pathogens still survive

45
Q

Milk spoils due to the growth of the _________ microbes in it.

A

nonpathogenic

46
Q

_________ :

This is a sterilization process commonly used on coffee creamer

A

UHT: Ultra High Temperature

47
Q

_________ = to destroy all life

A

Sterilization

48
Q

_________ = free of all life

49
Q

1 microbe (many strains) ———causes _________

A

many diseases

50
Q

Many microbes—cause the _________

A

same disease

51
Q

_________ : obligate intracellular parasites (require other cells to reproduce in)

52
Q

_________ cannot be grown in pure culture

53
Q

disease _________ to provide protection from the more deadly smallpox

54
Q

Cowpox: low mortality: caused by _________ virus

55
Q

Smallpox: high mortality: caused by _________ virus

56
Q

_________ is the only disease to be completely eradicated from the world using a worldwide vaccination campaign

57
Q

Smallpox vaccine : consist of active _________ virus

58
Q

Vaccination/Immunization: done to _________ disease (disease prevention)

59
Q

Vaccination is not used to _________ a disease.

60
Q

_________ vaccination was used in the smallpox eradication campaign. This means that all susceptible people in an area (ring) around an outbreak of the disease are vaccinated.

61
Q

Vaccination/Immunization: process of intentional exposure to an _________

62
Q

_________ : agent that initiates antibody formation

A foreign substance that the immune system will recognize as “nonself”.

63
Q

_________ : protein produced in response to an antigen

Antibodies are called immunoglobulins

64
Q

After exposure to an antigen the body develops an _________ (memory) response.

A

anamnestic

65
Q

When 85-95% of a population is immune the entire population is generally protected from epidemics. This is the concept of _________ immunity.

66
Q

_________ vaccine: live/active but the organism will not cause disease. (avirulent)

Sabin polio (world-wide polio eradication campaign)
MMR [measles, mumps, rubella (German measles)]
Chickenpox (Varicella-Zoster virus)

A

Attenuated

67
Q

Attenuated vaccines can revert (reversion) from avirulent to virulent if person has an _________

A

immune deficiency.

68
Q

_________ vaccine: the microbe is destroyed. A person is injected with all the pieces
Salk polio vaccine (polio vaccine used in America)
Influenza vaccine

A

Killed/Inactivated

69
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ vaccine:  consists of parts of a microbe
Acellular Pertussis (Whooping cough)
70
Q

_________ : inactive toxin
Tetanus
Diphtheria

71
Q

_________ : toxoid joined to a capsule

HiB (Haemophilus influenzae type b):
Pneumococcal

A

Conjugated

72
Q

_________ vaccine:

Gardasil contains 4 strains of HPV
HPV

A

Genetically engineered

73
Q

_________ = No herd immunity

74
Q

Vaccine didn’t “take” - Person did not develop an _________ response

A

anamnestic

75
Q

_________ : the treatment of disease by chemical substances

A

Chemotherapy

76
Q

_________ : produced naturally by microbes

A

Antibiotics

77
Q

_________ : produced from chemicals in a lab - Artificial compound

A

Synthetic drugs

78
Q

_________ : an antibiotic that has been altered chemically in a lab

A

Semi-synthetic

79
Q

_________ : Prevention of disease using a chemotherapeutic agent (drug)

A

Prophylaxis

80
Q

_________ : used to treat syphilis.

81
Q

_________ aureus, which is the leading cause of surgical wound infections

A

Staphylococcus

82
Q

The overuse and inappropriate use of chemotherapeutic drugs has resulted in many microbes becoming :

A

drug resistant

83
Q

_________ : the drug cannot kill the organism

84
Q

_________ : the drug can kill the organism

85
Q

_________ - Resistant to every antibiotic available

A

Pan resistant

Microbiology 156 (17 decks)

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