lecture 9: spinal cord Flashcards
1
Q
the brainstem begins and ends where
A
Begins at medulla oblongata (brain stem) down to the level of
L2
2
Q
what is the end point of the spinal cord called
A
CONUS MEDULLARIS
3
Q
how many enlargements are there on the spinal cord
A
2
4
Q
what are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord
A
cervical and lumbar ellargemnts
5
Q
what is formed from the cervical enlrgements
A
brachial plexus
6
Q
the cervical englargement innervates what
A
the upper extremityies (c5-t1)
7
Q
the 2 enlargements lead to waht
A
lead to the 2 plexus
8
Q
what is formed from the lumbar enlargements
A
lumbar plexus
9
Q
the lumbar enlargements innervates what
A
lower extremeity (L!-S4)
10
Q
the divided into R/L halves by
depressions called the what
A
1) anterior/ventral median fissure
2) posterior (dorsal) median sulcus
11
Q
the anterior depression of the spinal cord is called a fissure or sulcus
A
fissure
12
Q
the posterior depression of the spinal cord is called a fissure or sulcus
A
sulcus
13
Q
If we transect the spinal cord we find what
A
basic H-form in the
center - Grey Commissures
14
Q
the H form is comprised by
A
nuclei (grey matter)
15
Q
what is the center or grey matter called
A
central canal
16
Q
true or false; The central canal is continuous/discontinuous the length of the spinal cord
A
continuous
17
Q
the central canal is continous with what ventricle
A
the 4th ventricle
18
Q
what is the central canal filled with
A
CSF
19
Q
surroundingthe H form of the grey matter is what
A
areas of white matter
20
Q
what is the white matter comprised of
A
bundles of myelinated nerve fibers
21
Q
what are the myelinated nerve fibers/what cells make up the white matter in the CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
22
Q
what is each bundle of myelinated nerve fibers called
A
tract
23
Q
what do tracts do
A
1) send signals to simular locations
2) carry motor and sensory info
24
Q
what are the 2 types of tracts
A
ascending/sensory
descinding/motor
25
ascending tracts carry what info
sensory
26
desciding trcts carry what info
motor
27
ascending tracts relay info from what
Relay impulses from the periphery or spinal levels to the
| brain
28
descending tracts relay into from where
Relay impulses from the brain to different spinal levels and
| the periphery`
29
what are the pairs of horns of the grey comissure
```
2 atnerior (ventrial) horns
2 posterior (dorsal) horns
```
30
the lateral hones of the spinal cord are ony found where
in T spine and upper L spone
| =ANS
31
The groups of nerve fibers which enter the Dorsal Horn are
| called
Dorsal roots
32
The groups of nerve fibers which enter the Ventral Horn are
| called
Ventral roots
33
dorsal roots carry sensory or motor into
sensory
34
ventral roots carry motor or sneosry info
motor
35
where do the dorsal root cell bodies lie
lie outside the s.c. in the intervertebral
| foramen and are called,
36
what are the cell bodies of dorsal roots called
dorsal root ganglia/spinal ganglia
37
ventral roors contain axos of ./
motor neurons
38
where are the cell bodies of ventral roots contained
Cell bodies are contained within the anterior and lateral
| horns
39
the dorsal and ventral roots come together to form what
spinal nerve
40
the spinal nerve contains only motor info?
false motor and seosry
41
where does the spinal nerve exit
intervertebral gotrmanet
42
the spinal nerve is made from the joining of....
dorsal roots and ventral roots
43
once outside of the intervertebral formatemnt. the spinal cord divides into
dorsal and ventral rami
44
the dorsal rami supply what
supply the deep vertebral muscles and skin of
| the back
45
the ventral rami supply
supply all the ventral and lateral musculature
46
true or false: spinal nerves are mixed?
true
47
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31 pairs
48
explain the divisions of the spinal nerve
```
8 cervical
12 thoracir
5 lumbar
5 sacrum
1 coccyx
```
49
what is the function of meninges
Protect the brain and spinal cord
50
the meninges form the supporting framework for...
arteries, veins and venous sinuses
51
what do meninges enclose and why
Encloses the subarachnoid space for the circulation of CSF
52
what are the 3 meninges
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
53
the dura mater is associated with
Diaphragm Sellae (covers pituitary gland)
54
the arachnoid contains what
Subarachnoid space: contains CSF
55
pia mater contains what ligmanets
Denticulate ligaments
56
are denticulate ligaments found only in the spinal cord
yes
57
what do all three laters of the meninges cover
• All three layers cover the spinal nerves until they exit through
the intervertebral foramina
58
what are denticulate ligmanets
extensions of pia mater that help acnhor the spinal to the dura mater
59
free nerve endings are what kind of dendrites
bare dendrites
60
what aare the 2 types of specialized nerve endings
free nerve endings
| encapsulated sensory endins
61
where do free nerve endings branch
branch between epithelial cells, connective cells, muscle
| cells,
62
free nerve endings act as what type of receptors
Are thought to act primarily as pain receptors of the body
| • Also act as tickle, itch and thermal, and touch receptors
63
encapsulated sensory endings are what types of dendrites
enclsosed
64
what are encapsulated sensory ends surrounded bt
by connecttive tissuec apsules
65
how many encpasulate nerve endngs are here
6
66
what are the 6 encapsulated sensory endings
```
Meissner Corpuscles
• Pacinian Corpuscles
• End bulbs of Krause
• Ruffini Corpuscles
• Muscle Spindles
• Golgi Tendon Organs
```
67
where do meissner corpuscles surround
spinal ending of a dendrite
68
true or false: messiner corupuscles are superfical
true
69
what are meissners corpuscles sensite to
light touch, pressure, and slow vibrations
70
true or false: meissner corpuscles are slowly adapting
false, rapidly
71
where are meissners corpusles foundn
Skin (dermis) - especially the finger tips
• Mucous membrane of the tongue
• Other sensitive regions of the body (ex: eyelids)
72
where are pacinian corpuscles located
Located in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, submucosa,
| joints, periosteum, and some viscera
73
pacianian or meissners are deep
pacinian
74
pacinnian corpuscles are slow or rapid adaptiingn
rapidly adaptinng
75
what are pacinian corpuscles stimulated by
Stimulated by heavy pressure, fast vibrations, tickling
76
where are end bulbs of krause located
Located in the mucous of the lips, tongue, conjunctiva,
| external genitalia
77
end bulbs of krause are common where
throughout the body (dermis of the skin)
78
what do end bulbs of krause sevre as
cold recptors
79
where are ruffinni corps located
Located in sub-cutaneous tissue, ligaments, tendons
80
ruffinis are slow or fast adapting
Slow-adapting
81
what do ruffinis respond to and why is that imporantn
Respond to stretching of the skin
• Contribute to the kinesthetic sense of, and control of, joint position and
movement
82
where are muscle spindles founnd
in skeletal muscel
83
what do muscle spinles react to changes in
muscle length
84
true or fales: msucle spindles are contained in a capsule
true
85
within the capsule of muscle spindles what are the sksletal muscle fibers called
intrafusal fibers
86
muscle spindles are supplied by what type of neurons
sensory neurons
87
epxlain the msucle spindles
When the muscle is stretched so are the intrafusal fibers which
send afferent nerve impulses back to the spinal nerve
• In response, there is stimulation of the efferent (motor) neurons
to the same muscle that contracts it
• Therefore stretch is reflexively resisted
88
why does the muscle contract in response to stim muscle spindles
contract to prvent overstretching
89
muscle spindles are important for stiumlation or inhbitory
stim
90
GTO are important for stimulation or inhibitory
inhibitory
91
what are GTO composed of
Composed of dendrites that have many branches on the
| muscle tendon junction
92
what do GTO raect to
msucle tension
93
explain the gto
React to muscle tension
• The stimulus will go back to the s.c. where the motor neurons
to the same muscles are inhibited, thus relaxing the muscle
• Principle of PNF stretching and hold/relax stretch
94
what is the princicle of PNF strengthcinng based on
GTO
95
all spinal nerves except CI are what
cuteanous (innervate the skin)
96
all spinal nerves except BLANK are cutenous
c1
97
each spinal nerve innervates a segmental field of skin called a...
dermatome
98
in dermatones there is a specfic area for each but there is never any overlap
falsem there is considerable overlap
99
what a dermatomes imporant for
imporant for diagnostic technique
100
reflexes are made from what 3 systems
cranial reflexes
somatic relfexses
autonomic reflexes
101
what is the reflex arc made up of
```
Sensory Receptor
• Sensory Neuron
• Integrating center
• Motor Neuron
• Effector
```
