LECTURE 15/16 Flashcards
WHAT ARE common pahtways for food and air
nose and phyeix
what is passages for air only
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
what are the 2 parts of the respiratory system
1) conduction portion
2) respiratory portion
what is the conducting portionn of the respiratory system
Interconnecting cavities and tubes which filter, warm and
moisten the air and conducts it to the lungs
what structures are included in the conduction protion
Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
true or false: there is no gas exchange in the conductionn protion
true
there is gas exchange in the BLANK portion
respiratory portion
there is no gas exchange in the BLANK portion
conduction portion
the tissues within the lungs where gases are exhanges are part of the BLANK system
respiratory system
what are the structures found within the respirtaroy portion
Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs and alveoli (main
site of gas exchange between the air and the blood)
what is the main
site of gas exchange between the air and the blood)
alveoli
what bones make up the nose
frontal
maxillary
Nasal
the nose is made up of what
External supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage
what is the nose lined with
mucous membrane
what are the 3 cartilages of the nose
septal
nasal
alar
what completes the septum (besides vomen and perp plate)
the septal cartialge
what from the lateral cartilage plates of the nose
nasal
what gives roundess to the nostrils
alar
alar is split into minnor and major?
true
what are the 3 functionns of the internal functions of the nose
Warm, moisten and filter incoming air
• Detect olfactory stimuli
• Modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonating chambers
what is another name for internal nares
choanae
true or false: paranasal sinnus gives resonance to voice
true
what are the paranasal sinnuses
sphenoid
frontal
maxillary
ethmoid
what are the lateral walls of the nose (bones)
ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, inferior
nasal conchae
•
what is the floor fo the nose (bones)
Floor: maxilla and palatine
what is the nasal septum of the nose (bones)
• Nasal septum: vomer, ethmoid, palatine, and maxilla
sup middle and inf nasal conchae divides nose innto what
3 meatuses
what does the arrangement of the conchae and meatuses do
Arrangement of conchae and meatuses increase the surface area
in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of
water during exhalation
where do olfactory receptor cells lie
Olfactory receptor cells lie in the membrane lining the superior
nasal conchae and the septum
the moucous membrane of the nose contrains what (2)
capilaries (warm air)
many goblet cells (highly vascular)
the blood in the capillaries of the nose do what to the air
warms the air
the goblic cells in nthe nose secrete what
mucous
what is the last common pathway for air and good
pharynx
where does the pharynx extend from
extends from internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartilage
(larynx)
where does the pharynx lie in the body
Lies posterior to the nasal/oral cavities and just anterior to the
cervical vertebrae
the pharynx is linged with a mucous mmebrane and what 2 layers
1) outer circular
2) inner lognitunida;
true or false: the pharynx provide a resonating chamber for speech sunds
true
what houses the tonsils
pharynx
what do tonsils do
participate in immune reactions against
foreign invaders
what does pharynx divide into (3 regions)
nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
nasopharynx extends to the…
soft palate
what are the 5 openingns of the nasopharynx
2 itnernal nares
2 eustachian tubes
1 opening into oropharaynx
air and dust enter nasophysynx from where
nasal cavity
the ciliac found in the lininng does what
moves the moucous down
true or false: no air is exchanges with the esutachian tibe
false, small amouts
where dies the orophraynx extend from
Extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
how many openingns in oropharynx
1 into larynngopharyx
true or false; oropharynx has only respiratory functions
flse, also digestive
what are the 2 tonsils of the oropharync
palatine and lingual tonsils
where does the laryngopharynx begin
at the hyoid bone
where does the laryngopharyx openn into
opens into esophagus for food
opens into laryx for air
what is the last common pathway for food and air
laryngopharynx
larynx connects what two things
laryngopharyx to trachea
where does the larynx lie
anterior to c4-c6 verebra
the larynx is composed of how many pieces of cartilage and what are they
Thyroid (1) • Cricoid (1) • Epiglottis (1) • Arythenoid (2) • Corniculate (2) • Cuneiform (2)
the thyroid cartilage does not connect posteriorly or anteriorly
posteriorly
what is the only cartialge that goes all the way around
cricoid
mucous found inn the lining of larynx helps do what
trap dust that is not removed in the upper repistory tract
where does the ciliac of the larynnx move dust
moves trapped dust to the pharynnx
the mucous membrane of the larynx splits ifnro whta 2 folds
venticular folds /false vocal folds (true)
which fold is more inferior
vocal foods
what happens when air is directed against the vocal folds
they vibrate and setup
sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose
and mouth
a great pressure against vocal folds creates a louder or more quiet sound
louder
what is pitch controlled by
tension on the vocal chords
what 4 strucutres act as resognating chambers that give voice individual qulity
The pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
the trachea is located anterior tot what
the esophagus
where does the trachae extend to
extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic verebra
the ttrachea splits into what
R/L primary bronchi
true or false: tthe trachae Provides the same protection against dust as the membranelining the nasal cavity and larynx
trtue
the trachea Provides the same protection against dust as what
the membrane
lining the nasal cavity and larynx
what are the 4 layers of the trachea
Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Hyaline cartilage
• Adventitia
list these in order from deep to superficial Adventitia, Mucosa
• Submucosa • Hyaline cartilage
•
mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia
what is the difference between a serous layer and an adventitia layer?
adventitia = anchors to surrounding areas (ex : trachea is anchored)
serous layer = does not anchor / allows freedom of movementq
the trachea is made up of 16-20 complete or incomplete hyaline caritlate rings
incomplete
where does the trachea divide into L and R primary broinchi
at the level of T5 (carina)
what is the carina
One of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for
triggering a cough reflex
which bronchi is more vertical
rightt
which bronchie is shortter and wider
right one
true or fALSE; left bronchi is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left
false, right
does only the trachea contain incomplete rings of cartilage
no also bronchi
the carina is the internal ridge wjere the trachea divides into …
primary bronchi
how many secondary bronchi are thre on the right side
3
how many secondary bronchi are there on the left side
2
how many tertitare bronchi are there
10 on each side
explain the divison from trachea
prim bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronc bronchiales (terminal broncs) bronchealtree alveoli
true or false: the lungs are seperated by the head and other structures
yes
where are the lungs seperated by the heart and other structures
in the mediastimum
the lungs are enclosed and prtected by what
pleural membrane
true or false: each lobe of lungs has its own pleural membrane
true
what are the 2 divisions of pleural membrane in lungs
parietal
visceral pleura
the lugns extend from where to where
and where do they lie
Extend from the diaphragm to just above the
clavicle
• Lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorl
the base of the lungs sits on BLANK
the diaphhram
what is the costal surface
surface against the ribs
what is the mediastinal surface
psoterior and medial
against the heart
what surface contrains the hilus
mediastinal sruface
what is the entry point to the lungs calle
hilus
what stractuted are found in the hilus
primary bronchia
pulm veins
pulm arteries
which lobe has 2 fissures
right lung
is the visceral pleura the outer or inner later
inner
which pleura extentts past the lungs
pleiral
why does the partietal pleura extend pass the lungs
to allow the lungs to expannd
which lung is smaller and why
the left lung is 10% smaller than the right because the heart takes up stapce
why is the right lung thicker, broader and shorter
to accomodate the liver which lies inferior to it
what is the pleural cavity
Small space between visceral and parietal pleura which
contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted
by the membranes:
what is the functionn of the pleural cavity
reduced friction between membranes
allows them to slide over one another
the pleural cavity extends where
Extends below the base of the lung- from 6th costal cartilage
to 12th rib
ttrue or false: there are not seperate cavities (plural cavity) for the right and elft lungs
false, there are seperate cavities
why can there be inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis)
may cause pain due to friction between layers and if inflammation persists – excess fluid accumulates in pleural space
true or false: the pleural cavity extrends further than the lungs
true
each lung divides into different lobes by what
by fissures
true or false: only the righht lung has an oblique fissure
false, both do
in the left lung what does the oblique fissure seperate
seperates superior from inferior lobe
in the right lung, whatt does the oblique fissure seperate
serperates the superior form linferior/inferior from middle
what lung also has a horizontal fissure
right
what does the horiztal fissure seperate
subdives the superior lobe froming the middle lobe
each lobe receives its own BLANK
secondary bronchus
R. primary bronchus gives rise to BLANK
3 secondary bronchi
• L. primary bronchus gives rise to BLANK
2 secondary bronchi
the secondary bronchi subdivide into blank
teriary bronchi
what does each teriatry bronchi supply
a segment of lung tissue called a bronchopulmonary segment
what does each bronchopulmonary segment contain
has small compartments called lubules
lobules are wrapped in what
elastic connecttve tissue
where does the respitpry system begin
lobules
what do lobules cotnain
Contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole
what do terminal bronchioles subdivide into
microscopic branches called respiraoty bronchioles
true or false: gas exhange begins in the tertiatry bronchus
false, in the respiratory bornnchioles
bronchioles subdivide into several BLANKS
alveolar ducts
from the trachae, the respiratory passages brach how many times
apprx 25
what is around the alveolar ducts
numerous alveri and alveoli sacs
what is an alveolar sac
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening
what are the 2 alveolar epithelial cells found in the walls of the alveroli
type 1 and 2 alveoli cells
what is the function of the type 1 alveoli cells
main site of gas exchange
what is the function of type 2 alveoli cells
secrete alveolar fluid, keep surface between cells and air moist
what is an alverolar macrophage
Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in
the alveolar spaces
how does exhange of o2 and co2 happen
occurs by diffusion across alveolar and capilary walls (thru respiraoty membeane)
what is the respiraoty membrane
very thin memebrane which allows rapid diffusion
when you hear surfactant, what cell do you think of
type 2 alveolar cell
when you hear gas exchange, what cell do you think of
type 1 alverol cell
bronchial arteries (branch off thoracic aortic) deliver what type of blood and where
deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs
how does most of the blood terutn to the heart
via the pulm veins
true or false : ALL blood returns to the heart through pulm veins
false, some returns via the SVC (via bracnhes of the azygos system)
what are the 3 basic stemps of bteathing
1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external (pulmonary) respiration
3) internal (tissue) respiration
what is pulm ventialtion
inspiration and experiation
what is external/pulmonary respiration
exchange of gas b/w air and spaces in the lungs
what is internal/tissue respiratoion
exchange of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
what is the duration of inspiratio n
2 secs
what msucles are used for inspiration
diaphram and external intercostals
what is the pressure just prior to inspritaion
air pressure inside the lungs = atmospheric pressure
for air to flow into the lungs, what needs to happen to pressure
presure in alveoli must become lower than athmospheric pressure
how is inspiration acheived
by increase volume of lungs
To expand the alverolo of the lungs, the principle insporatory muscles must contract. What are they?
diaphram and external intercosts
what is disaphram innervated by
phrenic nerve
what is external interncstls innervated by
intercostal nevre
what ist he most important muscle of inspritaion
diaphram
what is the diaphram
dome shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor fo the thoracic vcavity
cotnaction of the diaphran causes the diaphram to BLANK
flatten, increasing the
vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity (1-10 cm)
what are some reasons that compelte decsent of the diaphram does not occur
pregnancy
osesity
tight clothing
true or false: contrsction of diaphram happens prior to contraction of external intercostals
false, happen at the same time
where do the external intercostals run
obliquely between the rubs
what does the external intercostals do for breathing
- Pull the ribs superiorly and push the sternum anterior
* Increases anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity
As overall size of thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the walls of the
lungs and Parietal and visceral pleura
are pulled outward as well
as volume increases in nthe lungs, what is established and what does that cause
pressure gradiennt and Air rushes into the lungs and inspiration takes place until the pressure difference no longer exists
what are the accessory muscles that help in deep isnpiraton
- Sternocleidomastoid (rises sternum)
- Scalenes (rise ribs 1 and 2)
- Pectoralis minor (rises ribs 3-5)
what does the • Sternocleidomastoid do
(rises sternum)
what do the • Scalenes do
(rise ribs 1 and 2)
what does the • Pectoralis minor do
(rises ribs 3-5)
when is expiration acheived
when pressure in lungs exceeds that of atmospheric pressure
what does expiration depend on (2)
- The recoil of the elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
- The inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
when does expiration start
when inspiration muscles relax
what is the movement of ribs and siaphram in expiramtionn
ribs move inferior and diaphram moves up
what are the muscles of exprimation
abdominal muscles
internal intercostals
what does the abdominal muscles do
move ribs inferior and compress
abdominal viscera forcing the diaphragm up
what do the interal intercotstals do
extend inferiorly and posteriorly
between the ribs, pulls ribs inferiorly
true or false: you need muscles for expriation
false, only ened them for forced/prolongued expiration
quiet breathing expiration is caused by what
passive recoil of thje lungs
true ro false: repiration can be controlled voluntary for short periods of time
true
how is respiration usualyl controlled
controlled by the nervous system to meet the bodys
demands without our conscious concern
what cause conntraction andf relaxation of the respiratory muscles
clusters of nerons located bilarterally in the medulla oblongata
Respiratory center consists of groups of neurons functionally divided into what 3 areas:
Medullary rhythmicity area (medulla oblongata)
- Pneumotaxic area (pons)
- Apneustic area (pons)
the medullary rhytmicity area controls what
basic rhytm of respiration
What is the normal restinng rate for breathing
innspirationn (2 seconds)
expiration (3 seconds)
what is longer, inspiration or expiration
expiration
medullary rhymeicty area consists of what neurons
Consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that
make up inspiratory and expiratory area
basic rhytm of breathing is dettermined by nerve impulses generated in what area
innspiratory area
explain basic breathing rhym
Inactive at the beginning of expiration
Automatically activated 3 seconds after due to
impulses generated by autorhythmic neurons
Nerve impulses last ~2 seconds and reach the
diaphragm via the phrenic nerves
Diaphragm contracts and inspiration occurs
After 2 sec, inspiratory muscles relax for ~3 sec and cycle
repeats
during quiet breathing, neurons of the expriatory area remain BLNK
inactive
during forceful ventiallyion nerve impulses from the inspirty area do what
activate the expiratory area
Causes contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
where is the pneumotaxic area locatied
in the superior portion of the pons
what area helps coordinate the transition b/w inspiration and expiration
pneumotaxic area
and also apneustic area
what is the major function of the pneumotaxic area
Major function is to help turn off inspiratory area before
lungs become too full of air
impulses from the pneumotaxic area limit the duration of what
duration of inspiratio nand faciliate the onset of expriamtionn
when pneumotaxic acvtiyiy increases, what happens to breathing rate
more rapid
where is the apneustric area location
located in the inferio rportion of the pons
what is the major function nof the apneustric area
Sends stimulating impulses to the inspiratory area that
activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration
the apneustic area occurs when the pneumotaxix area is inactive or active
inactive
Rhythm can be modified in response to input from other regions of the brain and receptors in the PNS:
what are the 3 influences
- Cortical influence
- Chemical influence
- The inflation reflex
why can we altern our pattern of breathing voluntariliy
because of the cerebral cortex has conncetions with respiratory centers
explain how the cortical influence of respiration can be protective
preventing water or irritaiong gases from entering the lungs
what is the cortical influence of respinnspation controlled by
by build up of CO2 and h+ in the blood
Besides the cortex!, what other places are there nerve impulses that stimulate respiration control allowing emotional stimuli to alter
respiration (cortical control)
hypothalamus and limbic system
Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and limbic system also
stimulate BLANK and what does that allow
respiration control \allowing emotional stimuli to alter
respiration
explain chemical regulation of respiration
certain cehmical stim modulate how quickly and deeply we breathe
what do chemoreceptors monitor
blood elvels of co2 and o2 and provide input to the respiratory center
where are central chemorecepts located and what do they respond tto
• Located in medulla oblongata
• Respond to changes in H+ and CO2 concentration
in CSF
where are peripheral chemorecepros locatted
Located in walls of systemic aa., relay impulses
to respiratory center
what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensory to cahgnes to
• Sensitive to changes in CO2 in the blood
where are peripheral chemorecprots found
• Found in the aortic body and carotid body
the sensory fibers of the peripheral cehmoreceptors joint what
• Sensory fibers join CN X (vagus)
the innflationn reflex is controlled by whatt
baroreceptors
where are barrorecprots located
Located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
what are baroraecpeors
stretch sensory receptos
explain barorecpeors
Become stretched during over-inflation of the lungs and send nerve
impulses along the vagus nerve (CN X) to inspiration and apneustic areas
• Expiration begins and stretch receptors are no
longer stimulated
what is the effect of execrise on the respiratory system
- Increased rate of blood flow through the lungs
- Increased pick-up of O2
- Rate at which O2 diffuses from the alveolar air to the blood is increased
• Blood flows through a greater percentage of pulmonary capillaries providing a greater S.A. for diffusion of O2 into
the blood
• O2 consumption, CO2 production and ventilation increases
dramatically
