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ANATOMY 254 > lecture 21: female reproductive system > Flashcards

lecture 21: female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are organs of the female repro system

A

• Ovaries

  • Uterine (fallopian) tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Vulva
  • Mammary glands
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2
Q

what is located on either side of the uterus

A

the ovaries

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3
Q

what are the 3 ligaments that hold to ovaries in postion

A
  • Broad ligament
  • Ovarian ligament
  • Suspensory ligament
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4
Q

what ligament connecets the ovary to the fundus of the uterus

A

the ovarian ligament

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5
Q

what are the 4 structures of the ovary from most superifieical to deepest

A

ovarian mesothelium
tunica albuginea
ovarian cortex
ovarian medulla

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6
Q

which structure of the ovary covers the ovary

A

ovarian mesothelium

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7
Q

which structure of the ovary is deep to the germinnal epithelium

A

tunica albuginea

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8
Q

which structure of the ovary is deep to tunica albuginnea and contnainns ovarian follicles

A

ovarian cortex

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9
Q

which structure of the ovary is deep to the ovarian cortex

A

ovarian medulla

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10
Q

the ovarian mesotheloum covers what

A

covers the surface of the ovary

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11
Q

the tunica albuginea is deep to what

A

germinal epithelium

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12
Q

the ovarian cortex containts what

A

ovarian follicles

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13
Q

the ovarian medualla is deep to what

A

ovarian cortex

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14
Q

the follicles lie in what portion of the ovary

A

the cortex

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15
Q

the follicles consist of what

A

consist of oocyte in various stages of development and surrounding cells
(nourish oocyte and secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger)

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16
Q

what are the surrounding cells of the follicles do

A

(nourish oocyte and secrete estrogens as the

follicle grows larger)

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17
Q

what is one mature follicle

A

Large, fluid-filled follicle that will soon rupture and

expel a secondary oocyte (ovulation)

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18
Q

what does corpus luteum contain

A

• Contains the remnants of an ovulated mature follicle

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19
Q

what does corpus luteum produce

A

Produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and

inhibin until it degenerates and turns into a corpus albicans (fibrous)

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20
Q

what is it called when the corpus luteum degenetates

A

turns innto corpus albicans (fibrous)

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21
Q

what is the blood supply to the female repro system

A

ovarian

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22
Q

on the right side, the ovarian drains where

A

straight to the IVC

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23
Q

o nthe left side, the ovarian drains where

A

renal veins

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24
Q

true or false: the ovarian artery always drains into the IVC

A

false, o nthe right side its IVC and left side its renal veins

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25
Q

what is oogenesis

A

formation of gametes in the ovaries

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26
Q

what is the equivalent to oogenesis in men

A

spermatogenesis

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27
Q

oogenesis involves only mesiosis 1?

A

no also meiosis 2

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28
Q

primordial germ cells differentiate into what during fetal dev

A

oogonia

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29
Q

are oogonia diploid or haploid

A

diploid

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30
Q

what is atresia

A

degeneration of most of these cells (oogonia)

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31
Q

a few oogonnia delevp into what

A 
primary oocytes ((begin
meiosis I but do not complete it until after
puberty))
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32
Q

Each month after puberty in women, release of gonadotropic hormones from the
pituitary glands stimulate what

A

the

resumption of oogenesis:

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33
Q

after the release of gonadotropic hormones, what happens to the primary follicles

A

meiosis 1 resumes in many primary follicles

only 1 ofllicle will mature and ovulate

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34
Q

after The diploid (2n) primary oocyte completes

meiosis I, what is formed

A

two haploid cells of unequeal size form

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35
Q

what are the two haploid of unequal sizes fromed in women after meiosis 1

A 
Smaller cells (first polar body) discarded nuclear
material

• Larger cell (secondary oocyte) receives most of
the cytoplasm

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36
Q

true or false, after the prim oocyte completes meiosis 1, the first polar body that forms recives most of the cytoplasm

A

false, the secondary oocyte does

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37
Q

true or false: also meiosis 1 occurs in females, meiosis 2 occurs right after

A

false, it begins then stops and only if there is a sperm present and penetrates the secondary oocyte, meiosis 2 resumes

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38
Q

what happens to the matture cfollicle after meiosis begins and stops

A

The mature follicle ruptures soon after and
releases its secondary oocyte (ovulation)

• The secondary oocyte is swept into the
uterine tube

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39
Q

the secondary oocyte splits into what

A

2 haploid cells of unequal size

  • Smaller cell: second polar body
  • Larger cells: ovum (mature egg)
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40
Q

Nuclei of the sperm cell and ovum unite to form

what

A

a diploid (zygote

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41
Q

one oogonium gives rise to what

A

a single gamete

(ovum

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42
Q

what is the functionn of the fallopian tubes

A

Transport secondary oocyte and fertilized ova

from the ovaries to the uterus

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43
Q

what are the 4 parts of the fallopian tibes

A

Infundibulum
• Fimbrae
• Ampulla
• Isthmus

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44
Q

which part of the fallopian tube is more proximal to the uterus

A

the isthmus

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45
Q

what are the 3 layers of the fallopian tubes from deepest to superficual

A

mucosa
muscularis
serosa

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46
Q

what does the mucosa layer of the fallopian tubes contain

A

cilia help move the the fertilized ovum or secondary oocyte to the uterus

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47
Q

what does the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube do

A

peristaltic contraction help move the oocyte or fertilized

ovum toward uterus

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48
Q

what helps move the oocyte or fertilized ovum towards uterus

A

peristatlic contraction

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49
Q

fertilization of the ovum usually occurs in what part of the fallopian tube

A

ampulla

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50
Q

does fertilization ALWAYS occur in the ampula

A

Sometimes happens in the abdominopelvic cavity

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51
Q

true or false: fertilization can occur for 1 weeek after ovulate ?

A

false, may occur up to 24 h after ovulation

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52
Q

The zygote usually arrives in the uterus how many days

after ovulation

A

7

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53
Q

A few hours after fertilization, what happens to the the nuclear
materials of the haploid ovum and sperm

A

they unite

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54
Q

what is the Site of menstruation, implantation of a fertilized
ovum, and development of the fetus during
pregnancy

A

the uterus

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55
Q

where is the uterus located

A

b/w the urinary bladder and rectum

56
Q

what is the most anterior portion of the uterus

A

funfus

57
Q

Cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity as blank

A

the

internal os

58
Q

Cervical canal opens into the vagina where

A

at the external os

59
Q

where is the internal os locatione

A

b/w the body of uterus and cervix

60
Q

where is the external os located

A

b/w cervix and vag

61
Q

what are some of the ligaments that maintain the shaoe of thee uterus

A

broad ligs
uterosacral ligs
cardinal (lateral cervical) ligs
round ligs

62
Q

where does broad lig attache

A

attach to pelvic cavity

63
Q

what does the uterosacral ligmaents connect

A

connect uterus to sacrum

64
Q

where do the lateral cervical/cardinal ligameents extend

A

extend from

pelvic wall to cervix and vagina

65
Q

where do the round ligmaents extend

A

from uteris to labia majora

66
Q

what ligament pierces through broad lig

A

round lig

67
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

Outer perimetrium (serosa):

  • Intermediate myometrium:
  • Inner endometrium:
68
Q

what becomes the broad ligament

A

outer perimetrium

69
Q

what does the intermediate myometrium respond and help to

A

Responds to oxytocin secretions and helps expel the fetus from the uterus

70
Q

what layer is replaced each period stratum functionalis or stratum basialic

A

sttratuc functionalis

71
Q

what is cervical mucous made from

A

Water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids,

enzymes and inorganic salts

72
Q

when is cervical mucous more hopsital to sperm

A

more hospitable to sperm near the time of
ovulation (less viscous and more alkaline)

• Otherwise, it forms a plug that stops sperm
penetration

73
Q

whatt is the function of the cervical mucous

A

Serve as a sperm reservoir, protects sperm from

phagocytes

74
Q

what is the • Passageway for menstrual flow, childbirth and

semen during intercourse

A

the vagina

75
Q

where is the vagina located

A

Located between the urinary bladder and the

rectum

76
Q

true or false: the vagina is not attached to the uterus

A

false

77
Q

what surrounds the cervix of the uterus

A

fornix

78
Q

the mucosa of the vaginna constsit of what

A

transverse folds (rugae) which allow for stretching

79
Q

the mucosa of the vagina contains large stores of glycogen which do what

A

contains large stores of glycogen which produce organic
acids when it decomposes
• Postpones microbial growth but harmful to sperm
• Alkaline components of semen increase viability of the
sperm

80
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the vagina

A

stretches considerably to accommodate the penis

during sexual intercourse and a child during birth

81
Q

what is the function of the adventita of the vagina

A

Anchors the vagina to adjacent organs like the urethra
and urinary bladder (anteriorly) and the rectum and anal
canal (posteriorly)

82
Q

what is the opening of the vagina to the external

A

vaginal orifice

83
Q

whay is the vestibule

A

vaginal orfice

hymen

84
Q

what is the hymen

A

layer of mucosa closing the orifice (partially or

completely)

85
Q

what is the vuvla

A

external genitals of the female

86
Q

what is mons pubis

A

elevation of adipose tissue covered with skin and pubic

hair (cushions the pubic symphysis)

87
Q

what is labia majora

A

two folds of skin from the mons pubis (covered by pubic

hair, contain sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands

88
Q

what is labia minora

A

Two smaller folds of skin
• Very little pubic hair and few sudiferous glands
• Contain many sebacous glands

89
Q

true or false: labia majora is a cotninuation of the mons pubis

A

true

90
Q

what are the two parts of the clit

A

glans

prepice

91
Q

what is the bulb of the vestibule of the vagina

A

two elongated masses of erectile tissue just deep

to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice

92
Q

what happens to the bulb of the vestibule during sexual arousal

A

Fills with blood during sexual arousal, narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis

93
Q

what is the perineum

A

Diamond-shaped area medial to the thighs and
buttock (males and females)

Contains the external genitalia and anus

94
Q

the perineum is bounded anteriorly by whatq

A

pubic symphysis

95
Q

the perineum is bounded laterally by what

A

by the ischial tuberosities and posteriorly by the coccyx

96
Q

what is the anterior division of the perineum called

A

urogenital triangle

97
Q

what is the posturior division of the perineum

A

anal triangle

98
Q

be ablt o know the boundaries of the perineum

A

/

99
Q

what are mamary glands

A

• Modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk

100
Q

what is the pigmented projection of the mammary glands

A

nipple

101
Q

where does milk emerge out of the mamary glands

A

lactiferous ducts

102
Q

true or false, the areola contrains not galnds

A

false, contains modified sebaceous glands

103
Q

what is the circular pigmented area around the nipple called

A

areola

104
Q

where do the suspensory lig (coopers lig) run and what is their function

A

run between the skin and superficial fascia and

support the breast

105
Q

what determins the size od the breast

A

Amount of adipose tissue located in between lobes
(15-20) of the mammary gland determines the
size of the breast

106
Q

what are the milk secretic glands called

A

alveoli

107
Q

milk passes from the alveoli to the blank

A

secondnary tubules into the mammaary ducts

108
Q

near the nipple, the ducts expand into what

A

the lacteriferous sinus

109
Q

what is the function of the lacterifeous sinus

A

milk can be stored

110
Q

what is lactationn

A

Synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk

111
Q

what is lactationn stimulated by

A

Stimulated by the hormone prolactin with

contributions from progesterone and estrogen

112
Q

what is ejection of milk stimulated by

A

oxytocin

113
Q

how is oxytocin released for ejection of milk

A

released by the
pituitary gland in response to sucking of an infant
on the mother’s nipple

114
Q

what is the dfunctionn of the ovarian cycle

A

The function of the ovarian cycle is to develop a

secondary oocyte

115
Q

what is the fucntion of the menstrual cycle

A

The function of the menstrual cycle is to prepare
the endometrium each month to receive a
fertilized egg

116
Q

what marks the first day of a female reproductive cycle

A

the menstrual cycle

117
Q

truw or false; The female reproductive cycle includes only the
ovarian cycle

A

false
The female reproductive cycle includes both the
ovarian and menstrual cycles

118
Q

what are the uterine and ovarian cycles controlled by

A

• The uterine and ovarian cycles are controlled by
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the
hypothalamus

119
Q

The uterine and ovarian cycles are controlled by
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the
hypothalamus which stimulates the release of what

A

FSH
(Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (leuteinizing
hormone) by the ant. pituitary gland

120
Q

what is the fucntion of FSH

A

stimulates development of secondary follicles
and initiates secretion of estrogens by the
follicles

121
Q

what is the functionn of LH

A

stimulates further development of the follicles,
secretion of estrogens by follicular cells, ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum and
secretion of progesterone and estrogen by by
corpus luteum

122
Q

what happens to the stratum functionalis during the menstral cycle

A

During the menstrual phase, the stratum functionalis is shed, discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucous and epithelium cells

123
Q

what happens to the follicles during the pre ovulatory phase

A

During the pre-ovulatory phase, a group of follicles
(~20) in the ovaries begin to undergo final
maturation

One follicle outgrows the others and becomes dominant
while the others degenerate
• At the same time, endometrial repair occurs in the uterus

124
Q

what is the dominant hormone during the preovulatory phase

A

estrogens

125
Q

how long is the pre ovulatiory pahse

A

days 6-13

126
Q

what is ovulation

A

Rupture of the dominant mature follicle and the release of

a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity

127
Q

ovulation is brought on by a surge of what

A

LH

128
Q

what are the SS of ovulation

A

include an increased basal body temperature, clear stretchy cervical mucous, changes in the uterine cervix and ovarian pain

129
Q

ovulation usually occurs on what days of the female repo cycle

A

Usually occurs on day 14 (of a 28 day cycle)

130
Q

true or false;During the post-ovulatory phase, both
progesterone and estrogens are secreted in large
quantities

A

true

131
Q

During the post-ovulatory phase, both
progesterone and estrogens are secreted in large
quantities by what

A

the by the corpus luteum of the ovary

132
Q

During the post-ovulatory phase, what happens to the uterine endometrium

A

it thickens in readiness for implantation

133
Q

what days is the post oveulatory ohase

A

days 15-28

134
Q

what happens if fertilization and implanation to not occur

A

the corpus luteum degenerates and the
resulting low level of progesterone allows
discharge of the endometrium followed by
initiation of another reproductive cycle

135
Q

what happens during the female repro cycle if fertilzation occur s

A 
the corpus luteum is maintained by placental
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), and the
corpus luteum (and later the placenta) secrete progesterone and estrogens to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation

ANATOMY 254 (17 decks)

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