lecture 21: female reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
what are organs of the female repro system
A
• Ovaries
- Uterine (fallopian) tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Mammary glands
2
Q
what is located on either side of the uterus
A
the ovaries
3
Q
what are the 3 ligaments that hold to ovaries in postion
A
- Broad ligament
- Ovarian ligament
- Suspensory ligament
4
Q
what ligament connecets the ovary to the fundus of the uterus
A
the ovarian ligament
5
Q
what are the 4 structures of the ovary from most superifieical to deepest
A
ovarian mesothelium
tunica albuginea
ovarian cortex
ovarian medulla
6
Q
which structure of the ovary covers the ovary
A
ovarian mesothelium
7
Q
which structure of the ovary is deep to the germinnal epithelium
A
tunica albuginea
8
Q
which structure of the ovary is deep to tunica albuginnea and contnainns ovarian follicles
A
ovarian cortex
9
Q
which structure of the ovary is deep to the ovarian cortex
A
ovarian medulla
10
Q
the ovarian mesotheloum covers what
A
covers the surface of the ovary
11
Q
the tunica albuginea is deep to what
A
germinal epithelium
12
Q
the ovarian cortex containts what
A
ovarian follicles
13
Q
the ovarian medualla is deep to what
A
ovarian cortex
14
Q
the follicles lie in what portion of the ovary
A
the cortex
15
Q
the follicles consist of what
A
consist of oocyte in various stages of development and surrounding cells
(nourish oocyte and secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger)
16
Q
what are the surrounding cells of the follicles do
A
(nourish oocyte and secrete estrogens as the
follicle grows larger)
17
Q
what is one mature follicle
A
Large, fluid-filled follicle that will soon rupture and
expel a secondary oocyte (ovulation)
18
Q
what does corpus luteum contain
A
• Contains the remnants of an ovulated mature follicle
19
Q
what does corpus luteum produce
A
Produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and
inhibin until it degenerates and turns into a corpus albicans (fibrous)
20
Q
what is it called when the corpus luteum degenetates
A
turns innto corpus albicans (fibrous)
21
Q
what is the blood supply to the female repro system
A
ovarian
22
Q
on the right side, the ovarian drains where
A
straight to the IVC
23
Q
o nthe left side, the ovarian drains where
A
renal veins
24
Q
true or false: the ovarian artery always drains into the IVC
A
false, o nthe right side its IVC and left side its renal veins
25
what is oogenesis
formation of gametes in the ovaries
26
what is the equivalent to oogenesis in men
spermatogenesis
27
oogenesis involves only mesiosis 1?
no also meiosis 2
28
primordial germ cells differentiate into what during fetal dev
oogonia
29
are oogonia diploid or haploid
diploid
30
what is atresia
degeneration of most of these cells (oogonia)
31
a few oogonnia delevp into what
```
primary oocytes ((begin
meiosis I but do not complete it until after
puberty))
```
32
Each month after puberty in women, release of gonadotropic hormones from the
pituitary glands stimulate what
the
| resumption of oogenesis:
33
after the release of gonadotropic hormones, what happens to the primary follicles
meiosis 1 resumes in many primary follicles
only 1 ofllicle will mature and ovulate
34
after The diploid (2n) primary oocyte completes
| meiosis I, what is formed
two haploid cells of unequeal size form
35
what are the two haploid of unequal sizes fromed in women after meiosis 1
```
Smaller cells (first polar body) discarded nuclear
material
```
• Larger cell (secondary oocyte) receives most of
the cytoplasm
36
true or false, after the prim oocyte completes meiosis 1, the first polar body that forms recives most of the cytoplasm
false, the secondary oocyte does
37
true or false: also meiosis 1 occurs in females, meiosis 2 occurs right after
false, it begins then stops and only if there is a sperm present and penetrates the secondary oocyte, meiosis 2 resumes
38
what happens to the matture cfollicle after meiosis begins and stops
The mature follicle ruptures soon after and
releases its secondary oocyte (ovulation)
• The secondary oocyte is swept into the
uterine tube
39
the secondary oocyte splits into what
2 haploid cells of unequal size
* Smaller cell: second polar body
* Larger cells: ovum (mature egg)
40
Nuclei of the sperm cell and ovum unite to form
| what
a diploid (zygote
41
one oogonium gives rise to what
a single gamete
| (ovum
42
what is the functionn of the fallopian tubes
Transport secondary oocyte and fertilized ova
| from the ovaries to the uterus
43
what are the 4 parts of the fallopian tibes
Infundibulum
• Fimbrae
• Ampulla
• Isthmus
44
which part of the fallopian tube is more proximal to the uterus
the isthmus
45
what are the 3 layers of the fallopian tubes from deepest to superficual
mucosa
muscularis
serosa
46
what does the mucosa layer of the fallopian tubes contain
cilia help move the the fertilized ovum or secondary oocyte to the uterus
47
what does the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube do
peristaltic contraction help move the oocyte or fertilized
| ovum toward uterus
48
what helps move the oocyte or fertilized ovum towards uterus
peristatlic contraction
49
fertilization of the ovum usually occurs in what part of the fallopian tube
ampulla
50
does fertilization ALWAYS occur in the ampula
Sometimes happens in the abdominopelvic cavity
51
true or false: fertilization can occur for 1 weeek after ovulate ?
false, may occur up to 24 h after ovulation
52
The zygote usually arrives in the uterus how many days
| after ovulation
7
53
A few hours after fertilization, what happens to the the nuclear
materials of the haploid ovum and sperm
they unite
54
what is the Site of menstruation, implantation of a fertilized
ovum, and development of the fetus during
pregnancy
the uterus
55
where is the uterus located
b/w the urinary bladder and rectum
56
what is the most anterior portion of the uterus
funfus
57
Cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity as blank
the
| internal os
58
Cervical canal opens into the vagina where
at the external os
59
where is the internal os locatione
b/w the body of uterus and cervix
60
where is the external os located
b/w cervix and vag
61
what are some of the ligaments that maintain the shaoe of thee uterus
broad ligs
uterosacral ligs
cardinal (lateral cervical) ligs
round ligs
62
where does broad lig attache
attach to pelvic cavity
63
what does the uterosacral ligmaents connect
connect uterus to sacrum
64
where do the lateral cervical/cardinal ligameents extend
extend from
| pelvic wall to cervix and vagina
65
where do the round ligmaents extend
from uteris to labia majora
66
what ligament pierces through broad lig
round lig
67
what are the 3 layers of the uterus
Outer perimetrium (serosa):
* Intermediate myometrium:
* Inner endometrium:
68
what becomes the broad ligament
outer perimetrium
69
what does the intermediate myometrium respond and help to
Responds to oxytocin secretions and helps expel the fetus from the uterus
70
what layer is replaced each period stratum functionalis or stratum basialic
sttratuc functionalis
71
what is cervical mucous made from
Water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids,
| enzymes and inorganic salts
72
when is cervical mucous more hopsital to sperm
more hospitable to sperm near the time of
ovulation (less viscous and more alkaline)
• Otherwise, it forms a plug that stops sperm
penetration
73
whatt is the function of the cervical mucous
Serve as a sperm reservoir, protects sperm from
| phagocytes
74
what is the • Passageway for menstrual flow, childbirth and
| semen during intercourse
the vagina
75
where is the vagina located
Located between the urinary bladder and the
| rectum
76
true or false: the vagina is not attached to the uterus
false
77
what surrounds the cervix of the uterus
fornix
78
the mucosa of the vaginna constsit of what
transverse folds (rugae) which allow for stretching
79
the mucosa of the vagina contains large stores of glycogen which do what
contains large stores of glycogen which produce organic
acids when it decomposes
• Postpones microbial growth but harmful to sperm
• Alkaline components of semen increase viability of the
sperm
80
what is the muscularis layer of the vagina
stretches considerably to accommodate the penis
| during sexual intercourse and a child during birth
81
what is the function of the adventita of the vagina
Anchors the vagina to adjacent organs like the urethra
and urinary bladder (anteriorly) and the rectum and anal
canal (posteriorly)
82
what is the opening of the vagina to the external
vaginal orifice
83
whay is the vestibule
vaginal orfice
| hymen
84
what is the hymen
layer of mucosa closing the orifice (partially or
| completely)
85
what is the vuvla
external genitals of the female
86
what is mons pubis
elevation of adipose tissue covered with skin and pubic
| hair (cushions the pubic symphysis)
87
what is labia majora
two folds of skin from the mons pubis (covered by pubic
| hair, contain sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands
88
what is labia minora
Two smaller folds of skin
• Very little pubic hair and few sudiferous glands
• Contain many sebacous glands
89
true or false: labia majora is a cotninuation of the mons pubis
true
90
what are the two parts of the clit
glans
| prepice
91
what is the bulb of the vestibule of the vagina
two elongated masses of erectile tissue just deep
| to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice
92
what happens to the bulb of the vestibule during sexual arousal
Fills with blood during sexual arousal, narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis
93
what is the perineum
Diamond-shaped area medial to the thighs and
buttock (males and females)
Contains the external genitalia and anus
94
the perineum is bounded anteriorly by whatq
pubic symphysis
95
the perineum is bounded laterally by what
by the ischial tuberosities and posteriorly by the coccyx
96
what is the anterior division of the perineum called
urogenital triangle
97
what is the posturior division of the perineum
anal triangle
98
be ablt o know the boundaries of the perineum
/
99
what are mamary glands
• Modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk
100
what is the pigmented projection of the mammary glands
nipple
101
where does milk emerge out of the mamary glands
lactiferous ducts
102
true or false, the areola contrains not galnds
false, contains modified sebaceous glands
103
what is the circular pigmented area around the nipple called
areola
104
where do the suspensory lig (coopers lig) run and what is their function
run between the skin and superficial fascia and
| support the breast
105
what determins the size od the breast
Amount of adipose tissue located in between lobes
(15-20) of the mammary gland determines the
size of the breast
106
what are the milk secretic glands called
alveoli
107
milk passes from the alveoli to the blank
secondnary tubules into the mammaary ducts
108
near the nipple, the ducts expand into what
the lacteriferous sinus
109
what is the function of the lacterifeous sinus
milk can be stored
110
what is lactationn
Synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk
111
what is lactationn stimulated by
Stimulated by the hormone prolactin with
| contributions from progesterone and estrogen
112
what is ejection of milk stimulated by
oxytocin
113
how is oxytocin released for ejection of milk
released by the
pituitary gland in response to sucking of an infant
on the mother’s nipple
114
what is the dfunctionn of the ovarian cycle
The function of the ovarian cycle is to develop a
| secondary oocyte
115
what is the fucntion of the menstrual cycle
The function of the menstrual cycle is to prepare
the endometrium each month to receive a
fertilized egg
116
what marks the first day of a female reproductive cycle
the menstrual cycle
117
truw or false; The female reproductive cycle includes only the
ovarian cycle
false
The female reproductive cycle includes both the
ovarian and menstrual cycles
118
what are the uterine and ovarian cycles controlled by
• The uterine and ovarian cycles are controlled by
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the
hypothalamus
119
The uterine and ovarian cycles are controlled by
GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the
hypothalamus which stimulates the release of what
FSH
(Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (leuteinizing
hormone) by the ant. pituitary gland
120
what is the fucntion of FSH
stimulates development of secondary follicles
and initiates secretion of estrogens by the
follicles
121
what is the functionn of LH
stimulates further development of the follicles,
secretion of estrogens by follicular cells, ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum and
secretion of progesterone and estrogen by by
corpus luteum
122
what happens to the stratum functionalis during the menstral cycle
During the menstrual phase, the stratum functionalis is shed, discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucous and epithelium cells
123
what happens to the follicles during the pre ovulatory phase
During the pre-ovulatory phase, a group of follicles
(~20) in the ovaries begin to undergo final
maturation
One follicle outgrows the others and becomes dominant
while the others degenerate
• At the same time, endometrial repair occurs in the uterus
124
what is the dominant hormone during the preovulatory phase
estrogens
125
how long is the pre ovulatiory pahse
days 6-13
126
what is ovulation
Rupture of the dominant mature follicle and the release of
| a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
127
ovulation is brought on by a surge of what
LH
128
what are the SS of ovulation
include an increased basal body temperature, clear stretchy cervical mucous, changes in the uterine cervix and ovarian pain
129
ovulation usually occurs on what days of the female repo cycle
Usually occurs on day 14 (of a 28 day cycle)
130
true or false;During the post-ovulatory phase, both
progesterone and estrogens are secreted in large
quantities
true
131
During the post-ovulatory phase, both
progesterone and estrogens are secreted in large
quantities by what
the by the corpus luteum of the ovary
132
During the post-ovulatory phase, what happens to the uterine endometrium
it thickens in readiness for implantation
133
what days is the post oveulatory ohase
days 15-28
134
what happens if fertilization and implanation to not occur
the corpus luteum degenerates and the
resulting low level of progesterone allows
discharge of the endometrium followed by
initiation of another reproductive cycle
135
what happens during the female repro cycle if fertilzation occur s
```
the corpus luteum is maintained by placental
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), and the
corpus luteum (and later the placenta) secrete progesterone and estrogens to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation
```
