lecture 12 and 13: CV system (blood heart) Flashcards
what are the compoenets of the CV
blood
heart
blood vessels
what does the CV transport
transports oxygen and nutrients and carbon dioxide and waste to and from cells
explain the tranport of oxygen and nutrients in the CV system
blood to interstital fluid to body cells
explain the tranport of carbon dioxide and wastes in the CV system
body cells to intersticium to blood
what are the 3 general functions of the CV system
transport
regulattion
prottection
what areht e elements of transportation of the CV
oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients heats wastes
what does the CV system regulate
PH
body Temp
water content of the cells
what does are the components of protection for the CV system
clotting
phagocytes
antibodies
what is the tempratet of the body/blood
38
what is the pH of blood/body
7.35 - 7.45 (slightly alkaline)
what is the average blood vol in males
5-6 liters
what is the average blood vol in women
4-5 L
blood takes what percentage of body weight
8%
what are the 2 elements of blood
whole blood =
plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)
ASK ABOUT COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
.
blood plasma makes up what percentage of whole blood
55%
BLOOD plasma is made up by water percentage of water
91.5 %
what are the two componets of blood plasmsa
- 5 h20
8. 5% solutes
what are most of the solutes in blood plasma
mostly plasma proteins
where are plasma proteins synthesised
liver
whatt are the plasma proteins and the percentages
- Albumins: 54%
- Globulins: 38 (immunoglobulins-antibodies)
- Fibrinogen: 7%
what is tthe function of albumins
transport fatty acids
help keep h20 from diffusing out of the blood
when are globulins produced and what are they stim by
Produced during certain immune responses, stimulated by foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses)`
what is essentual for blood clotting
fibrinogen
true or false; blood plasma is only made from albumins, globulins and fibrinogen
false Also includes Na, Cl, A-A, lipids, sugars, hormones,
vitamins, etc
formed elements make up what percentage of WB
45%
what are the formed elements fo the blood
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
what percentage of the formed elements are RBC
99%
what percetange of formed elements are WBC and platelets
1 percent
what is hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
formation of blood cells
what is another name for hemopoiesis
hematopoiesis
where does hemopoiesis occur
in red bone marror
true or flase: yellow bone marror never makes blood cells
false, it can produce blood cells in emergencies only
what is hematocrit
% of total blood volume occupied by RBC
what is the normal range of hematocrit i nfemales
38-46%
what is the normal range of hematocrit in males
40-54%
what is anemia
signigican decrease in hemocrit
what is polycythemia
significant increase in hematocrit (icnreasd viscocity)
what does polycythemia do to the blood
iincrease the viscocity
what are some possible causes of polycythemia (3)
tissue hypoxia
dehydration
blood doping
wht is antoher name for RBC
erythrocytes
RBC contrained an oxygen carrying prottein called what
hemoglobin
what gives blood itts red colour
hemoglobin
what is the amount of RBC/uL of blood i nmales
5.4 mil
what is the amount of RBC/uL of blood in females
4.8 mil
mature RBC enter the ssytem at a rate of what
greater than 2 million./sec
what is the shaoe of RBC
biconcave disk
do RBC contrain a membrane>
yes a strong and flexibile plama membrane
what do RBC contrain which act as antigens
glycolipids
glycolipids actt as what in RBC
antigens
true or false: RBC lack a nucleus and other organelles
true
whatt are the 3 functions of RBC
1) highly speciliazed for o2 transport
2) helps in bp regulation
3) generate ATP anarebically
true or false: RBC only ttransport oxygen and explain
false, they also carry 20% of CO2
each RBC contrains how many hemoglobin
280 mil
what is hemoglbin made from
globin (protein)
heme
explain the compoenents of hemoglobin
globin (protein): 4 chains of polypeptide
heme: 4 heme (o2 binds here to be transported to the cells)
=oxydation of iron gives blood its red colour
where does o2 bind on RBC
o2 binds to the 4 heme to be transportied to the cells
what is the production of RBC called
erythropoiesis
where does the production of RBC behin
begins in bone marrow
once the RBC passes into the blood stream it matures wihtin how many days
1-2 days
what is the lifespain of RBC
120 days
what happens inn erythropoiesis if less than RBC destruction rate
hypoxia
what are the cauese of hypoxia (3)
high altitude
anemia
circulatory problems
what are some causes of anemia
lack of iron
lack of certain amino acids
lack of b12
what are signs and symtpoms of anemia
fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skinn
what does hypoxia styimulate
stimulates the kidneys to increase the release of erythropoietin
what is another name for WBC
leukocytes
what are crucual to the bodys defense againnst disease
leukocytes
which contaiins a nucleuous RBC or WBC
WBC
do WBC contain hemoglobin
no
what are the 2 types of white blood cells
granular
agranular
what are the 5 types of WBC
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophyils basophils
what is the percentage of WBC are neutrophils
60
what is the percentage of WBC are lymphocytes
20-45
what is the percentage of WBC are monocytes
4-8%
what is the percentage of WBC are eosinophils
1-4%
what is the percentage of WBC are basophils
0.5%
what is another name for granular WBC
(phagocytes)
what are the 3 types of granular WBC
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what is the function of neutrophils
consume/destroy bacteria
what is the function of eisonophils
role in ending allergic reactions/parasite infections
where are eosiniphils
found along digestive tibes
what is the function of basophils
release histamine in later stages of inflammation
neutrophils, eosiniphils, basophils are granular WBC or agranular
granular
what are the2 types of agranular WBC
lymphocytes
monocytes
what is the function of lymphocytes
role in immunity, react to specififc foreign molecule
what is the function of monocytes
transform into macrophage
migrate from blood to tissues (chronic disease, viral infectionn)
what is the lifespan of WBC
can live for months/years but usually only a feww days
what is the lifespan of WBC during periods of infection n
live only a few hours
what is leukopenia
abrnormal low levels of wbc
what is leukopenia caused by
radiation, shock, chemotherapy
what is leukocytosis
increase inn number of WBC
what is the general functionn of WBC
to combat pathogens entering the body (by phagocytsosis)
do WBC ever returnn to tthe blood stream
no Leave the bloodstream and enter the area of
inflammation
• Do not return to the blood stream
true or false: WBC numbers increase or decrease during inflammation/injury
increase
what is anopther name for platelets
thrombocytes
what is the number of platelets
150k to 400 k per uL of blood
true or false: platelets do not contrain a nucleus
true
platlets form what after blood loss
plately plug
true or false: platelets only form a plately blug to stop blood lose
false, they also release chemicals which promote blood clotting
what is the lifespan of platelets
5-9 days
how are platelets removed from the system
by fixed macrophage in the spleen and liver
true or false: platelets adhere to the lininng of unhealthy vessels
true
what is the problem with platelets that adhere to unhealthy vessels
rseults in scarring, inflammation, atherosclerosis and unwanted clotting
at rest how much bloood per minute to the lungs and body
5l blood/ min
how many literes of blood circulate per day
14k liters
the heart is the size of what
closed fist
where does the heart rest on
diaphraphm
2/3 of the mass of the heart lies where
lies left of the midline
what are the general characteristics of the heart
apex
base
superior and inf R poinnt
superior and inf L point
does the heart rest left or ride of the midline
to the left of the midline
what is the pericardium
double layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium
fibrous layer (outmost) serous layer (innermost)
what layer of the pericardium is the inner most
serous layer
what layer of the pericardium is the outmost
fibrous layer
what is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium
prevents overstretching of the hert
what are the 2 layers of the serous layer of the pericardium
outer parietal
inner visceral
what is another na,e for the inner visceral layer
epicardium
be able to locate the parts of thepericardium
.
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
put these in order from outer to inner most layer of the heart
(epicardium ,endocardium, myocardium)
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
what is the epicardium
visceral lauyer of the pericardium
myocardium is what part of the heart
yhe cardiac muscle tissue
what forms the inner smooth lining of the chambers
endocardium
what covers the valves of the heart
endocardium
truue or false: the endocardium is diconctinous with the endothelial lining of the large blood cells
false, continuous
is the ventricular wall thicker on left or right
left
be able to put the layers of the heart in order
.
what seperates the two ventricles
interventricular septum
what are the two upper chambers of the heart called
atria
what are the two lower chambers called
ventricles
what is another name for atrium
auricle
where does the righgt atrium receive blood from
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
coronary sinus
what are the elements found in the right atrium
Right auricle
• Pectinate muscle
• Interatrial septum (Fossa ovalis)
• Tricuspid valve
be able to label the heart
.
what are the elemetns found in the right ventricle
Trabeculae carneae • Cordae Tendinae • Papillary muscles • Interventricular septum • Pulmonary semilunar valve
be able to locate the elementts of the right atrium and ventricle
.
where does the left atrium receive blood from
from pulmonary veins
what are the elements of the left aatrium
Left Auricle
• Pectinate Muscle
• Bicuspid mitral valve
what are the elements of the left ventricle
Trabeculae Carneae
• Cordae Tendinae
• Papillary muscles
• Aortic semi-lunar valve
from what valve is oxygenated blood ejected into the systemic circulation
aortic semi luncar valve
the tricuspid valve is located where
b/w right atrium and ventricle
where is the pulmonary valve located
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary vein
where is the bicuspid (mitral) valvle located
between leftatrium and ventricle
where si the aortic semi lunar valve located
beteen left ventricle and aorta
what are the 2 atriventricular valves
mitral/bicupsid
tricuspid
what are the 2 semilunar valvues
pulmonary and aortic valves
when the AV valves are open where are the pointed ends projected
pointed ends project into ventricles
when the AV valves are open, blood moves where
into evntnricle
when the AV valves are open what happens to the papillary musles
they are relaxed
when the AV valves are open what happens to the cordae tendinae
they are slack
when the ventricles contract, the pressure does what to the AV valves
the pressure drives the cusps upward
when the ventricles contract what happens to the papillary muscles
the papillary muscles contract
when the ventricles contract what happens to the cordae tendinae and what does that prevent
cordae tendinae are tightntneed and prevent the cusps from opening into the atrium
be able to know the relationship between valves, papillary muscles, cordea tendinae
.
what do semilunar valves allow for
allow ejection of blood into vessels and prevent backflow into the ventricles
each semi lunar valve consists of how many cusps
3 cusps
where is the outer border of the semi lunar valves located
outer brder is attached to the artery wall
when are the semi lunar valves open
when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure
with each beat, blood is pumped into what circuts
1) pulmonary circulation
2) systemic circualtion
the entire body receives blood from the systemic circulation except for where
except for the lungs
sicne the lungs dont receive blood from the systmic circulation, where dose it receive blood from
pulmonary circulation
coronary circulation is done by what
left and right coronary arteries
where do the coronary rteries originate
originate at the base of ascending aorta
what does the left coronary artery supply
supples both ventricles
supplies left atrium
what does the right coronary artery supply
supples both ventricles
most parts of the heart receive blood from the left or right coronary artery
from both artries
what are the 5 coronary veins
coronary sinus great cardiac vein middle cardiac vein small cardiac vein anterior cardiac vein
deoxiginated blood enters what atrium
right atroum
coronary sinus is located posterior or anterior on hthe heart
posterior
where is the great cardiac vein located
between the 2 ventricles anteriorly
where is the middle cariac located
at the apex posteriorly
what coronary veins are located posterior
coronary sinus and middle cardiac
where does the anterior cardiac drain
either into small cardiac or right atrium
what are the 3 pahses of the cardiac cycle
relaxation period
ventricular filling
ventricular systole
systole is the phase of blank
contractionn
diasotle is the phase of
relatxation
when ventricles relax, all 4 chambers are in diastole or systole
disasole
in the relaxation period, blood flows where
back towards the venrticles closing the SL valves
in the relatxattion period does pressure increase or decrease in the ventticles
decrease
in relaxation period are the AV valves open of closed
open
in the relaxation period, are the venrticles empting or filling
begin filling
75% of ventricular filling occurs without what
wihtout atrial systole
BLANK percentage of ventricular filling occurs wihtput atrial system
75
blank percent of ventricular happening occurs with contraction of the pectinate muscle
25%
25% percent of ventricular happening occurs BLANK
with contraction of the pectinate muscle
during ventricular filling are the AV valves open or closed
open
during ventricular filling the AV valves are open while the semi lunar valves are closed or open
closed
ventricular cotnraction pushes blood where
againnst AV valvues (forcing them shut)
during ventricular systole does the pressure increase or decrease in the ventricles
pressure increases sharply
during ventricular systole, what happens when pressure exceed that in the artries
both semi lunar valves open and blood is ejected into the pulmonary and systemic circulation
how long does ventricular systole last
lasts until the ventricles relax and the cycle starts over
in 1 heart cycle, how many sounds are generate
4
what are the 4 sounds of the heartt cycle
s1=lubb
s2=dupp
s3
s4
what is the s1=lubb sound caused by
bny the closing of the AV valves
s1 indicates the begining of what
ventricular systole
wwhat is the s2=dupp sound caused by
closing of SL valves
s2 indicates the begining or ending of the ventricular systole
the end
s3 sound is caused by what
rapid ventricular filling
s4 sound is caused by what
atrial systol
true or false: at birth there is the closure of foramen ovale
true and it bcomes fossa ovalis
what two things close in the heart at infancy
closing of foramen ovale
closing of ductus arteriosus
after the closing of the foramen ovale at infancy what does it become
fossa ovalis
after the closing of the ductus arteriosus at infancy what does it become
bcomes ligamentum arteriosum
