lecture 20: the male reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
what do the testes produce and secrete
A
produce sperm and secrete hormoes
2
Q
what is the fucntion of the various ducts in the reproducve male system
A
trasport and store sperm
3
Q
what are the 3 ducts of the male repro system
A
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
4
Q
what are 3 accessory sex glands for men
A
seminal vessicles
prostate gland
cowpers bland
5
Q
what are the supporting structures of the male repro system
A
scrotum and penis
6
Q
the supporting sac for the testes is the BLANK
A
scrotum
7
Q
where does the scrotum hang from
A
from the rooth of the penis
8
Q
the scrotum is External divided medially by a ridge called blank
A
the Raphe
9
Q
what is the raphe
A
external divsion ridge of the scrotum
10
Q
true or false: the scrotum is Internally divided into two sacs (each contain a testis)
A
true
11
Q
the scrotal septum consists of what
A
superficial fascia and the dartos
muscle
12
Q
where iis the dartos muscle foundcon
A
scrotal septum and also found in the subcutaneous layer of the
scrotum and is continuous with the subcutaneous tissue of
the abdominal wall)
13
Q
contaraction of the dartos muscle causes what
A
wrinkling of the skin of the scrotum
14
Q
what does the dartos muscle do
A
helps regulate the temperature of the testes (2-3 degrees < body
temperature) - required for sperm production
15
Q
is the temperature of the testes lower or higher than the body
A
lower
16
Q
be able to know the scrotum, the dartos the testes diagram
A
.
17
Q
what is the cremaster muscle and where is it located
A
Small band of skeletal muscle in the spermatic cord
18
Q
the cremaster muscle is contrinuous with what muscle
A
internal oblique
19
Q
true or false: cremaster muscle is the only muscle contrinuous with the abdominal muscles
A
false, the dartos is also
20
Q
what is the fucntion of the cremaster msucle
A
Elevates the testes upon exposure to cold
• Moves the testes closer to the pelvic cavity to absorb body
heat
21
Q
exposure to warmth relaxes or contracts the dartos or cremaster muscel
A
relaxed
22
Q
Exposure to BLANK relaxes the dartos muscle and the
cremaster muscle
A
WARMTH
23
Q
what are the paired oval glands
A
the testes
24
Q
where do the testes develop
A
Develop near the kidneys in the posterior portion of
the abdomen
25
do the testes always stay near Develop near the posterior portion of
the abdomen
no
26
when do the testes descend into the scrotum
during the 7th month of the fetal dev
27
what is cryptorchidism
Condition where the testes do not descend into the scrotum
28
what is the problem associated with cryptochidism
it may result in infertility due to
higher temperature destroying the cells involved with
spermatogenesis
29
what are the 3 layers of the testes in order from outermost to innercost
tunica vaginalis
tuniva albuginea
lobules
30
true or false: the tunica albuginea is the outermost layer of the testes
false, the tunica vaginalis is
31
what is the tunica vaginalis of the testes and when does it form
serous membrane developed from the peritoneum
• forms during the descent of the testes and partially covers
them
32
what does the tunica albuginea form
forms a septum deep to the tunica vaginalis which divides each testis into several internal compartments called
LOBULES (200-300 total)
33
what layer divides
each testis into several internal compartments called
LOBULES (200-300 total)
tunica albuginea
34
what do the lubules of the testes contain
contain 1-3 coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules
| where sperm is produced
35
where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
36
know the layers of the testes
37
what are the cells located within the seminefous tubules
spermatogenic cells
38
where are spermatogenic cells loocated
semineferous tubules
39
Sperm production begins in stem cells called
| blank
spermatogonia
40
where do the spermatogonia line
the periphery of the tubules
41
wheree do spermatogonia cells develeop from
develop form primordial germ cells that arise form yolk sac
| endoderm and enter the testes early in development
42
primordial germ cells differentiate into what
spermatogiona
43
true or false : Primordial germ cells differentiate into spermatogonia which are very actvive during childhood
false, they are dormant
44
what happens to the spermatogonia at puberety
begin to undergo mitosis
45
when do the spermatogonia begin to undeergo mitosis
at puberty
46
what is mitosis
Division of the nucleus of the cell that ensures each new
nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosome as the
original nucleus)
47
true or false: the spermatogonia undergos only mitosis
false, also meiosis
48
what is meiosis
Type of cell division restricted to sex-cell production
involving two successive nuclear divisions that result in new
cells with the haploid (n) number of chromosomes
49
the spermatogonia undergo meiosis to diffeerent to produce what
sperm
50
true or false: The production of the sperm cell begins in the most
superficial layer of the tubule
true
51
The production of the sperm cell begins in the most
| superficial layer of the tubule and progressively matures as it makes its way towards where
the lumen of the tubule
52
primary spermatocytes become what
secondary spermatocytes
53
sceodnary spermatocytes become what
spermatids
54
spermatids mature into what
sperm cells
55
tspermatogonium are diploid or haploid
diploid
56
are primary spermatocytes diploid or haploid
diploid
57
when does meiosis 1 occur in men
when going from primary to secodnary spermatocyte
58
What is the product of meiosis 2 in men
secondary spermatocyte to spermatid
59
what Isolates spermatogenic cells from the blood
the blood testis barrier
60
what is the function of the blood testis barrier
Prevents an immune reaction against the spermatogenic cell’s surface antigens (recognized as foreign substances by the
immune system)
61
what is the blood testis barrier formed by
sertoli cells
62
what is the 4 fucntions of the sertoli cells
• Support and protect spermatogenic cells
• Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm cells
• Remove excess spermatid cytoplasm as development
proceeds (by phagocytosis)
• Control the release of sperm into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubule
63
what are the interstitial endocrinocytes
leydig cells
64
where are the leydig cells located
• Located in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous
| tubules
65
what do leydig cells secrtte
testosterone
66
what is the most important androgen
testosterone
67
to process of spermatogenesis beings in what cells
spermatogonia
68
true or false: there is replication of DNA in meiosis 1 and 2
false only 1
69
meiosis 1 in men changes the cell from what to what
primary to secondary spermatocyte
70
meiosis 2 in men changes the cell from what to what
secondary spermatocyte to spematids
71
true or flsse; there is no replication of DNA in meiosis 2
true
72
how many spermatids does a primary spermatoxyte produce through 2 rounds of cell division
4
73
A primary spermatocyte therefore produces BLANK THORUGH 2 rounds of cell division (Meiosis I
and Meiosis II)
4
| spermatids
74
what is spermiogenesis
Maturation of spermatids into sperm
75
true or false: spermatogenesis is the Maturation of spermatids into sperm
false, SPERMIOGENESIS
76
does cell division occur in spermiogenesis
no
77
what happeens to the spermatid in spermiogenensis
develops into a sperm cell
78
what is spermiation
Release of a sperm cell from its connection to a Sertoli
| cell
79
true or false: spermiation is the process of making sperm cells
false, it is Release of a sperm cell from its connection to a Sertoli
cell
80
does sperm live long after ejactulation
Once ejaculated, it survives no more than 48 hrs in the
| female reproductive tract
81
the head of the sperm comtains what
contains the DNA and an acrosome
82
what is the acrosome of the head of the sperm aid in
vesicle that contains enzymes which aid penetration of the sperm cell
into the 2ndary oocyte)
83
what is the midpiece of the sperm cotnain
contains mitochondria which provide ATP for
| locomotion
84
what is the function of the tail of the sperm
propels thee sperm along its way
85
what portion of the sperm contains the DNA and acrosome
head
86
what prtion of the sperm contains the mitochodnria which provide ATP for locmotionn
midpeice
87
what portion of the sperm helps propel it along its way
tail
88
where does sperm go when released in the lumen
it is propelled towards the straigh tubules
89
Once sperm is released in the lumen, it is propelled towards straight tubules how
the pressure generated by the continuous
| release of sperm and fluid (from the Sertoli cells)
90
the straight tubules lead to the BLANK
rete testis (ducts)
91
the rete testic lead to the BLANKS
efferent ducts
92
the efferent fucts all empty into what
the ductus epididymis
93
where is thee epididymis located
Lies on the posterior border of each testis
94
what is the head of the epididymis
Where the efferent ducts join the ductus epididymis
95
what is the tail of the epididymis
smaller, inferior portion which continues as the ductus
| (vas) deferensq
96
where does the sperm mature
the epididymis
97
the ductus epididymis is lined with what and what does that allow
Lined with stereocilia that increase the S.A. for
| absorption of degenerated sperm
98
what is the site where sperm motility increases over a 10-14 day period
ductus epididymis
99
what is the fucntion of the ductus epididymis
```
Stores sperm (up to a month or more) and helps propel
them into the vas deferens by peristaltic contraction of
its smooth muscle
```
100
how does the sperm get propelled into the vas deferens
through peristatltic contraction of the smooth muscle of ductus epididymis
101
what is the lcoation of the vas deferens
Ascends along the posterior border of the
epididymis, passes through the inguinal canal and
enters the pelvic cavity
• Loops over the ureter and passes down behind the
bladder
102
true or false: the vas deferens Stores sperm up to several months
true
103
what happens to the sperm that is not ejactulated
gets reabsorbed
104
what is the ampula of the vas deferens
dilated terminal portionn
105
what is a vasectomy
a portion of the vas deferens is removed
| • Sperm is still produced but cannot reach the exterior
106
what is the ejaculatory duct thee joining of
Joining of the seminal duct and the ampulla of the
| vas deferens
107
what is the locationn of the ejactulatory duct
Form just above the prostate gland and pass
| inferiorly and anteriorly through it
108
where does the ejactulatory duct terminate
Terminate in the prostatic urethra where they eject
sperm and seminal vesicle secretion (just prior to
ejaculation)
109
true or false: the urethra in males is just a passageway for urien
false, also semen
110
as the urethra Passes through the prostate gland, it is called
prostatic urethra
111
as the urethra passees through th urogenital diaphagm/fibromusc shelf, it is called
membranous urethra
112
as the urethra passes through the penis, it is called
sponngy urethra
113
what does the spermatic cord consist of
Consists of the vas deferens, testicular artery,
autonomic nerves, veins that drain the testes and carry
testosterone into the circulation, lymphatic vessels and
the cremaster muscle
114
true or false: the spermatic cord passes through tthe innjuinal canal
true
115
what is the lcoationn of he seminal vessicles
Lie posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder
116
what do the seminal vessicles secrete and what does that help with
Secrete an alkaline viscous fluid that helps neutralize
| acid in the female reproductive tract
117
what Provide fructose for ATP production by sperm
the seminnal vessicles
118
what are the 3 functions fo the seminal vessicles
• Secrete an alkaline viscous fluid that helps neutralize
acid in the female reproductive tract
• Provide fructose for ATP production by sperm
• Contribute to sperm motility and viability, helps semen
coagulate after ejaculation
119
what is the location of the prostate gland
liers innferior to the urinnary bladder
120
what does the prostate gland secrete and what does that help with
• Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps semen
coagulate after ejaculation and subsequently breaks down
the clot
121
what substances are located in the milk secretion of the proate gland
Contains citric acid (ATP production), acid phosphatase
| (unknown function), and several proteolytic enzymes
122
secretions of the prostate gland enter the urethra through what
prostatic ducts
123
what makes up 25% of the volume of semen
prostate gland secretion
124
true or false: the prostate gland always stays same size
Size slowly increases until puberty, then a rapid growth
| occurs until 30
125
what is another name for bulbourethral glands
cowpers
126
what is the location of the cowpers glands
• Lie inferior to the prostate gland on either side of
the membranous urethra (within the urogenital
diaphragm)
127
what do the cowpers secrte and what does that help with
Secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic
environment of the urethra and mucous that
lubricates the lining of the urethra and penis during
sexual intercourse
128
semen is a mixture of what
sperm
seminal fluid
prostate and copwer secretions
129
is sperm slightly alkanine or acideic
alkaline
130
what is semialplasmin and its function
Seminalplasmin - antibiotic found in semen which
can destroy certain bacteria in the semen and
female reproductive tract
131
what is the Passageway for ejaculation of semen and the excretion
of urine
the penis
132
what are the 3 parts of the penis
root, gland penis and body
133
the glands penis is located distal or prxomial
distal
134
the body of the penis is componsed of what
Composed of three cylindrical masses of tissue
135
each mass of tissue in the penis is surrounded by what
a fibrous tissue called tunica albuginnea
136
what are the 3 cyclindrical masses of tissue in the penis
```
corpus cavernosum (2)
corpus spongiosum
```
137
true or false: there are two bodies of corpus spongiosum
false, two corpus cavernosum
138
what is the function of the corpus spongiosum
functions in keeping the spongy urethra open during ejaculation
139
all thr masses in the penis are enclosed by fascia and skin and consist of
erectile tissue permeated by BLANK
blood sinuses
140
what is the buld of the penis and where is it attached
* expanded portion of the base of the corpus spongiosum
| * attached to inf. surface of urogenital diaphragm
141
what is the • expanded portion of the base of the corpus spongiosum
bulb of the penis
142
what is the crus of the penis and where is it attached to
* Tapered portion at the proximal end (base) of the corpus cavernosum
* attached to the ischial and inf. pubic ramus
143
what is the • Tapered portion at the proximal end (base) of the corpus cavernosum
crus of the penis
144
Bulb of the penis is enclosed by what muscle
the bulbospongiosus muscle
145
• Crus of the penis is surrounded by what muscle
the ischiocavernosus muscle
146
contaction of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscle aid inn what
ejaculation
147
true or false: ejaculation is the parasympathetic reflex
false, sympathetic
148
during ejactulation, what happens to the The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary
bladder
closes (preventing urination)
149
why does the The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary
bladder closes durign ejactu
to prevent urination
150
what helped propel the semen into the spongy urethra
Peristaltic contractions in the ampulla of the vas
deferens, seminal vesicles , ejaculatory ducts and
prostate gland propel semen into the spongy urethra
151
what happens to the arteries supplying the penis in an eraction
dilate with causes large quantities of blood to enter the blodo sinues
152
is erection a parasympathetic or sympathetic relafex
para
153
whenn does the penis return to its relaxed state
when the arteries
| constrict and pressure on the veins is relieved
154
what happens to the penis with parasympathetic supply
bld vessels dilate, increased blood
flow into the erectile tissue
• blood gets trapped within the penis and erection is maintained
