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ANATOMY 254 > lecture 20: the male reproductive system > Flashcards

lecture 20: the male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what do the testes produce and secrete

A

produce sperm and secrete hormoes

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2
Q

what is the fucntion of the various ducts in the reproducve male system

A

trasport and store sperm

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3
Q

what are the 3 ducts of the male repro system

A

vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

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4
Q

what are 3 accessory sex glands for men

A

seminal vessicles
prostate gland
cowpers bland

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5
Q

what are the supporting structures of the male repro system

A

scrotum and penis

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6
Q

the supporting sac for the testes is the BLANK

A

scrotum

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7
Q

where does the scrotum hang from

A

from the rooth of the penis

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8
Q

the scrotum is External divided medially by a ridge called blank

A

the Raphe

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9
Q

what is the raphe

A

external divsion ridge of the scrotum

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10
Q

true or false: the scrotum is Internally divided into two sacs (each contain a testis)

A

true

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11
Q

the scrotal septum consists of what

A

superficial fascia and the dartos

muscle

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12
Q

where iis the dartos muscle foundcon

A

scrotal septum and also found in the subcutaneous layer of the
scrotum and is continuous with the subcutaneous tissue of
the abdominal wall)

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13
Q

contaraction of the dartos muscle causes what

A

wrinkling of the skin of the scrotum

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14
Q

what does the dartos muscle do

A

helps regulate the temperature of the testes (2-3 degrees < body
temperature) - required for sperm production

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15
Q

is the temperature of the testes lower or higher than the body

A

lower

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16
Q

be able to know the scrotum, the dartos the testes diagram

A

.

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17
Q

what is the cremaster muscle and where is it located

A

Small band of skeletal muscle in the spermatic cord

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18
Q

the cremaster muscle is contrinuous with what muscle

A

internal oblique

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19
Q

true or false: cremaster muscle is the only muscle contrinuous with the abdominal muscles

A

false, the dartos is also

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20
Q

what is the fucntion of the cremaster msucle

A

Elevates the testes upon exposure to cold

• Moves the testes closer to the pelvic cavity to absorb body
heat

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21
Q

exposure to warmth relaxes or contracts the dartos or cremaster muscel

A

relaxed

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22
Q

Exposure to BLANK relaxes the dartos muscle and the

cremaster muscle

A

WARMTH

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23
Q

what are the paired oval glands

A

the testes

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24
Q

where do the testes develop

A

Develop near the kidneys in the posterior portion of

the abdomen

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25
Q

do the testes always stay near Develop near the posterior portion of
the abdomen

A

no

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26
Q

when do the testes descend into the scrotum

A

during the 7th month of the fetal dev

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27
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

Condition where the testes do not descend into the scrotum

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28
Q

what is the problem associated with cryptochidism

A

it may result in infertility due to
higher temperature destroying the cells involved with
spermatogenesis

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29
Q

what are the 3 layers of the testes in order from outermost to innercost

A

tunica vaginalis
tuniva albuginea
lobules

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30
Q

true or false: the tunica albuginea is the outermost layer of the testes

A

false, the tunica vaginalis is

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31
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis of the testes and when does it form

A

serous membrane developed from the peritoneum

• forms during the descent of the testes and partially covers
them

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32
Q

what does the tunica albuginea form

A

forms a septum deep to the tunica vaginalis which divides each testis into several internal compartments called
LOBULES (200-300 total)

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33
Q

what layer divides
each testis into several internal compartments called
LOBULES (200-300 total)

A

tunica albuginea

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34
Q

what do the lubules of the testes contain

A

contain 1-3 coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules

where sperm is produced

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35
Q

where is sperm produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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36
Q

know the layers of the testes

A
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37
Q

what are the cells located within the seminefous tubules

A

spermatogenic cells

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38
Q

where are spermatogenic cells loocated

A

semineferous tubules

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39
Q

Sperm production begins in stem cells called

blank

A

spermatogonia

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40
Q

where do the spermatogonia line

A

the periphery of the tubules

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41
Q

wheree do spermatogonia cells develeop from

A

develop form primordial germ cells that arise form yolk sac

endoderm and enter the testes early in development

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42
Q

primordial germ cells differentiate into what

A

spermatogiona

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43
Q

true or false : Primordial germ cells differentiate into spermatogonia which are very actvive during childhood

A

false, they are dormant

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44
Q

what happens to the spermatogonia at puberety

A

begin to undergo mitosis

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45
Q

when do the spermatogonia begin to undeergo mitosis

A

at puberty

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46
Q

what is mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus of the cell that ensures each new
nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosome as the
original nucleus)

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47
Q

true or false: the spermatogonia undergos only mitosis

A

false, also meiosis

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48
Q

what is meiosis

A

Type of cell division restricted to sex-cell production
involving two successive nuclear divisions that result in new
cells with the haploid (n) number of chromosomes

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49
Q

the spermatogonia undergo meiosis to diffeerent to produce what

A

sperm

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50
Q

true or false: The production of the sperm cell begins in the most
superficial layer of the tubule

A

true

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51
Q

The production of the sperm cell begins in the most

superficial layer of the tubule and progressively matures as it makes its way towards where

A

the lumen of the tubule

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52
Q

primary spermatocytes become what

A

secondary spermatocytes

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53
Q

sceodnary spermatocytes become what

A

spermatids

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54
Q

spermatids mature into what

A

sperm cells

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55
Q

tspermatogonium are diploid or haploid

A

diploid

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56
Q

are primary spermatocytes diploid or haploid

A

diploid

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57
Q

when does meiosis 1 occur in men

A

when going from primary to secodnary spermatocyte

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58
Q

What is the product of meiosis 2 in men

A

secondary spermatocyte to spermatid

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59
Q

what Isolates spermatogenic cells from the blood

A

the blood testis barrier

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60
Q

what is the function of the blood testis barrier

A

Prevents an immune reaction against the spermatogenic cell’s surface antigens (recognized as foreign substances by the
immune system)

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61
Q

what is the blood testis barrier formed by

A

sertoli cells

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62
Q

what is the 4 fucntions of the sertoli cells

A

• Support and protect spermatogenic cells

• Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm cells
• Remove excess spermatid cytoplasm as development
proceeds (by phagocytosis)

• Control the release of sperm into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubule

63
Q

what are the interstitial endocrinocytes

A

leydig cells

64
Q

where are the leydig cells located

A

• Located in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous

tubules

65
Q

what do leydig cells secrtte

A

testosterone

66
Q

what is the most important androgen

A

testosterone

67
Q

to process of spermatogenesis beings in what cells

A

spermatogonia

68
Q

true or false: there is replication of DNA in meiosis 1 and 2

A

false only 1

69
Q

meiosis 1 in men changes the cell from what to what

A

primary to secondary spermatocyte

70
Q

meiosis 2 in men changes the cell from what to what

A

secondary spermatocyte to spematids

71
Q

true or flsse; there is no replication of DNA in meiosis 2

72
Q

how many spermatids does a primary spermatoxyte produce through 2 rounds of cell division

73
Q

A primary spermatocyte therefore produces BLANK THORUGH 2 rounds of cell division (Meiosis I
and Meiosis II)

A

4

spermatids

74
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

Maturation of spermatids into sperm

75
Q

true or false: spermatogenesis is the Maturation of spermatids into sperm

A

false, SPERMIOGENESIS

76
Q

does cell division occur in spermiogenesis

77
Q

what happeens to the spermatid in spermiogenensis

A

develops into a sperm cell

78
Q

what is spermiation

A

Release of a sperm cell from its connection to a Sertoli

cell

79
Q

true or false: spermiation is the process of making sperm cells

A

false, it is Release of a sperm cell from its connection to a Sertoli
cell

80
Q

does sperm live long after ejactulation

A

Once ejaculated, it survives no more than 48 hrs in the

female reproductive tract

81
Q

the head of the sperm comtains what

A

contains the DNA and an acrosome

82
Q

what is the acrosome of the head of the sperm aid in

A

vesicle that contains enzymes which aid penetration of the sperm cell
into the 2ndary oocyte)

83
Q

what is the midpiece of the sperm cotnain

A

contains mitochondria which provide ATP for

locomotion

84
Q

what is the function of the tail of the sperm

A

propels thee sperm along its way

85
Q

what portion of the sperm contains the DNA and acrosome

86
Q

what prtion of the sperm contains the mitochodnria which provide ATP for locmotionn

87
Q

what portion of the sperm helps propel it along its way

88
Q

where does sperm go when released in the lumen

A

it is propelled towards the straigh tubules

89
Q

Once sperm is released in the lumen, it is propelled towards straight tubules how

A

the pressure generated by the continuous

release of sperm and fluid (from the Sertoli cells)

90
Q

the straight tubules lead to the BLANK

A

rete testis (ducts)

91
Q

the rete testic lead to the BLANKS

A

efferent ducts

92
Q

the efferent fucts all empty into what

A

the ductus epididymis

93
Q

where is thee epididymis located

A

Lies on the posterior border of each testis

94
Q

what is the head of the epididymis

A

Where the efferent ducts join the ductus epididymis

95
Q

what is the tail of the epididymis

A

smaller, inferior portion which continues as the ductus

(vas) deferensq

96
Q

where does the sperm mature

A

the epididymis

97
Q

the ductus epididymis is lined with what and what does that allow

A

Lined with stereocilia that increase the S.A. for

absorption of degenerated sperm

98
Q

what is the site where sperm motility increases over a 10-14 day period

A

ductus epididymis

99
Q

what is the fucntion of the ductus epididymis

A 
Stores sperm (up to a month or more) and helps propel
them into the vas deferens by peristaltic contraction of
its smooth muscle
100
Q

how does the sperm get propelled into the vas deferens

A

through peristatltic contraction of the smooth muscle of ductus epididymis

101
Q

what is the lcoation of the vas deferens

A

Ascends along the posterior border of the
epididymis, passes through the inguinal canal and
enters the pelvic cavity
• Loops over the ureter and passes down behind the
bladder

102
Q

true or false: the vas deferens Stores sperm up to several months

103
Q

what happens to the sperm that is not ejactulated

A

gets reabsorbed

104
Q

what is the ampula of the vas deferens

A

dilated terminal portionn

105
Q

what is a vasectomy

A

a portion of the vas deferens is removed

• Sperm is still produced but cannot reach the exterior

106
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct thee joining of

A

Joining of the seminal duct and the ampulla of the

vas deferens

107
Q

what is the locationn of the ejactulatory duct

A

Form just above the prostate gland and pass

inferiorly and anteriorly through it

108
Q

where does the ejactulatory duct terminate

A

Terminate in the prostatic urethra where they eject
sperm and seminal vesicle secretion (just prior to
ejaculation)

109
Q

true or false: the urethra in males is just a passageway for urien

A

false, also semen

110
Q

as the urethra Passes through the prostate gland, it is called

A

prostatic urethra

111
Q

as the urethra passees through th urogenital diaphagm/fibromusc shelf, it is called

A

membranous urethra

112
Q

as the urethra passes through the penis, it is called

A

sponngy urethra

113
Q

what does the spermatic cord consist of

A

Consists of the vas deferens, testicular artery,
autonomic nerves, veins that drain the testes and carry
testosterone into the circulation, lymphatic vessels and
the cremaster muscle

114
Q

true or false: the spermatic cord passes through tthe innjuinal canal

115
Q

what is the lcoationn of he seminal vessicles

A

Lie posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder

116
Q

what do the seminal vessicles secrete and what does that help with

A

Secrete an alkaline viscous fluid that helps neutralize

acid in the female reproductive tract

117
Q

what Provide fructose for ATP production by sperm

A

the seminnal vessicles

118
Q

what are the 3 functions fo the seminal vessicles

A

• Secrete an alkaline viscous fluid that helps neutralize
acid in the female reproductive tract

• Provide fructose for ATP production by sperm

• Contribute to sperm motility and viability, helps semen
coagulate after ejaculation

119
Q

what is the location of the prostate gland

A

liers innferior to the urinnary bladder

120
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete and what does that help with

A

• Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps semen
coagulate after ejaculation and subsequently breaks down
the clot

121
Q

what substances are located in the milk secretion of the proate gland

A

Contains citric acid (ATP production), acid phosphatase

(unknown function), and several proteolytic enzymes

122
Q

secretions of the prostate gland enter the urethra through what

A

prostatic ducts

123
Q

what makes up 25% of the volume of semen

A

prostate gland secretion

124
Q

true or false: the prostate gland always stays same size

A

Size slowly increases until puberty, then a rapid growth

occurs until 30

125
Q

what is another name for bulbourethral glands

126
Q

what is the location of the cowpers glands

A

• Lie inferior to the prostate gland on either side of
the membranous urethra (within the urogenital
diaphragm)

127
Q

what do the cowpers secrte and what does that help with

A

Secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic
environment of the urethra and mucous that
lubricates the lining of the urethra and penis during
sexual intercourse

128
Q

semen is a mixture of what

A

sperm
seminal fluid
prostate and copwer secretions

129
Q

is sperm slightly alkanine or acideic

130
Q

what is semialplasmin and its function

A

Seminalplasmin - antibiotic found in semen which
can destroy certain bacteria in the semen and
female reproductive tract

131
Q

what is the Passageway for ejaculation of semen and the excretion
of urine

132
Q

what are the 3 parts of the penis

A

root, gland penis and body

133
Q

the glands penis is located distal or prxomial

134
Q

the body of the penis is componsed of what

A

Composed of three cylindrical masses of tissue

135
Q

each mass of tissue in the penis is surrounded by what

A

a fibrous tissue called tunica albuginnea

136
Q

what are the 3 cyclindrical masses of tissue in the penis

A 
corpus cavernosum (2)
corpus spongiosum
137
Q

true or false: there are two bodies of corpus spongiosum

A

false, two corpus cavernosum

138
Q

what is the function of the corpus spongiosum

A

functions in keeping the spongy urethra open during ejaculation

139
Q

all thr masses in the penis are enclosed by fascia and skin and consist of
erectile tissue permeated by BLANK

A

blood sinuses

140
Q

what is the buld of the penis and where is it attached

A
  • expanded portion of the base of the corpus spongiosum

* attached to inf. surface of urogenital diaphragm

141
Q

what is the • expanded portion of the base of the corpus spongiosum

A

bulb of the penis

142
Q

what is the crus of the penis and where is it attached to

A
  • Tapered portion at the proximal end (base) of the corpus cavernosum
  • attached to the ischial and inf. pubic ramus
143
Q

what is the • Tapered portion at the proximal end (base) of the corpus cavernosum

A

crus of the penis

144
Q

Bulb of the penis is enclosed by what muscle

A

the bulbospongiosus muscle

145
Q

• Crus of the penis is surrounded by what muscle

A

the ischiocavernosus muscle

146
Q

contaction of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscle aid inn what

A

ejaculation

147
Q

true or false: ejaculation is the parasympathetic reflex

A

false, sympathetic

148
Q

during ejactulation, what happens to the The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary
bladder

A

closes (preventing urination)

149
Q

why does the The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary
bladder closes durign ejactu

A

to prevent urination

150
Q

what helped propel the semen into the spongy urethra

A

Peristaltic contractions in the ampulla of the vas
deferens, seminal vesicles , ejaculatory ducts and
prostate gland propel semen into the spongy urethra

151
Q

what happens to the arteries supplying the penis in an eraction

A

dilate with causes large quantities of blood to enter the blodo sinues

152
Q

is erection a parasympathetic or sympathetic relafex

153
Q

whenn does the penis return to its relaxed state

A

when the arteries

constrict and pressure on the veins is relieved

154
Q

what happens to the penis with parasympathetic supply

A

bld vessels dilate, increased blood
flow into the erectile tissue
• blood gets trapped within the penis and erection is maintained

ANATOMY 254 (17 decks)

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