lecture 19: urinary system Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 4 structures of the urinnary systm
A
kidneys (2)
ureters (2)
urinary bladder
urethra
2
Q
true or false: since we only have 1 bladder, we only have 1 ureter
A
false, we haev 2
3
Q
true or false: the kidney is the only retroperitoneal organ
A
false, the pancrease is also
4
Q
what is the location of the kidney
A
Found between T12 and L3 vertebrae (partially
protected by 11th and 12th rib)
5
Q
what kidney is lower and rwhy
A
R. kidney is slightly lower than the L. kidney because the liver takes up alot of space
6
Q
what structures pass thru the renal hilus
A
ureter, renal artery and vein,
lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and/or leave the
kidney
7
Q
what are the 3 layers covering the kidney deep to superficial
A
renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal facisca
8
Q
put these layers of the kidney in orger from deep to superficial
adipose capsule, renal capsule, renal fascia
A
renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal fascia
9
Q
true or false: adipose capsule is the deepest layer covereing the kidney
A
false, it is the intermediate layer
10
Q
what is the function of the renal capsule (deep)
A
- Forms a barrier against trauma
* Helps maintain the shape of the kidney
11
Q
what is the adipose capsule (internemdiate) and its function
A
- Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
- Protects against trauma
- Helps hold the kidney in place within the abdominal cavity
12
Q
what is the function of the renal fascia (superficial)
A
- Anchors kidney to surrounding structrues
* Deep to peritoneum (on anterior surface
13
Q
the renal fascia is deep to what
A
deep to peritoneum on anterior surface
14
Q
what is nephroptosis
A
Inferior displacement of the kidney (dropping of kidney)
- Kidney slips due to a deficient adipose capsule or renal fascia
- Occurs most often in very thin people
15
Q
nephroptosis occurs most often in what types of people
A
very thin people
16
Q
what happens in serious cases of nephroptosis
A
In serious cases, the ureter may kink and block the flow of urine
- Back-up of urine causes pressure on the kidney, damaging the tissue
- Pain results from the twisting ureter
17
Q
true or false, the renal cortex is deep
A
false although it is part of the internal structures of the kidney, it is superfiecial
18
Q
explain where the renal cortex is located
A
(extends from the renal capsule to the base of the
pyramids and spaces between the pyramids (Renal columns)
19
Q
what are the spcaces b/w the pyrmadids called
A
renal columns
20
Q
what is the renal medulla
A
Consists of 8-18 cone-shaped renal pyramids
21
Q
what is the base and apex of the renal medulla
A
Base: faces the renal cortex
• Apex: Renal papilla – points towards the center of the kidney
22
Q
what is a reneal lobe
A
Area consisting of 1 renal pyramid and its overlying renal cortex
23
Q
what are renal lobes divideed into
A
Divided into an outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary
zone
24
Q
the number of pyramids = the number of blank
A
minor calyces
25
what is the functuonal portion of the kidney
parenchyma
26
wat dies the parenchyma constain
nephrons
27
what is the functional unit of the kindey
nephron
28
where does the urinne formed by the nephrons drain
into the large papillary ducts
29
exxplain the passage of urine
```
Urine formed by the nephrons drains into large papillary ducts
• Papillary ducts drain into minor calyces (8-18) which in turn drain into
major calyces (2-3)
• One minor calyx receives urine from renal papilla and delivers it to a
major calyx
• Urine then drains from the major calyces into the renal pelvis and then
out through the ureter into the urinary bladde
```
30
• One minor calyx receives urine from renal papilla and delivers it to whatn
major calyx
31
urine drains from thee major calyces to where
the reenal pelvis then out thru the ureter to the bkaldder
32
what is the renal sinus
Expanded area of the renal hilus
33
what does the renal sinus cotnrain
Contains the calyces, part of the renal pelvis, renal
| blood vessels and nerves
34
what is the space occupied by the calyces and pelvis called
renal sinus
35
what are the 3 major fucntions of the kindye
Regulation of blood volume and composition
reg of blood pressure
contribution of metabolism
36
true or fale: the kidney removes waste
true
37
formation of the urine is done by what
nephron
38
how does the kindeey help control blood pH
by excreting selected ampunts of H+
39
explain hoe the kidney regulates blood pressure
• Secretion of the enzyme RENIN
Activates the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in an
increase in blood pressure
40
what does RENIN do
Activates the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in an
| increase in blood pressure
41
true or falsee: the kidney can particpate in synthesis of vit D
true
42
explain how tje kidney contributes to metabolism
* Synthesis of new glucose molecules during periods of fasting or starvation
* Secretion of erythropoeitin
Synthesis of vitamin D

43
true or false: kidneys recieve very little of cardiac output
false, they reecive 20-25% of the cardiac output
44
within each kidney, the renal artery dives into what
lobar/segmental
45
the segmental arterie branch into what
interlobar
46
at the base of the pyramids, the interlobar arch b./w the medualla amd the cortex form what
the arcurate a
47
what do arcuate artriese bracinh into
interlobular
48
what do interlobular artries branch off into
afferent arterials (entering the glomerulus)
49
afferent artries enter what
the glomerulus
50
the renal artery branches off what
abdominal aorta
51
what artery is fpound between the lobes
interlobar
52
each nephron recives one affterent arteris which dives to form what
to form a glomerulus (small
| tangled capillary network)
53
the capilarries that divided to form the glomeerulus reunite to form what
sn efferent arterial
54
the efferent arterilees drains or brings blood into thee glom
drains
55
what can vasodilation/constriction of the afferent or effeerent arterioles of the nephron do
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of afferent / efferent
can produce large changes in the renal blood flow and
vascular resistance affecting the entire systemic
circulation
56
what is the flow of fluid thru a nephron
```
bowmans capsule
prox conv tubule
descneding limb of loop of henle
ascending limb of loop of hele
distal conv tibule (into colleected duct)
```
57
efferent arteries of the nephon divide to form wht
Divide to form a network of capillaries called
| peritubular capillaries
58
where do peritubular caps surrond
Surround tubular portions of the nephron in the renal
| cortex
59
the peritubular capillaries reuine to form what
Reunite to form peritubular venules and then
interlobular veins (also receive blood from the vasa
recta)
60
what does the vasa recta supply
the meudulla
61
blood leaves the kidneys how
thru renal vein
62
where do vasa recta extend and what do they supply
Extend from some efferent arteries and supply the
| tubular portions of the nephrons in the renal medulla
63
where do the nerves of the kidney originate from
Originate from the celiac ganglia (sympathetic division
| of the ANS)
64
where do the nerves of the kidney pass thr u
the renal plexus
65
what are the most common nerves in the kidney and what do they do
• Most are vasomotor nerves and regulate blood flow and
| renal resistance by altering the diameter of arterioles
66
EXPLAIN THE ENTIRE PATHWAY OF BLOOD THRY THE KIDNEY
```
renal artery
segmental/lobar
interlobar
arcurate
interlobular
affereten arterioles
glom capillaries
efferent arterioles
vasa recta
peritubular venules
interlobular v
arcurate v
interlobar v
renal v
```
67
how many segmental/lobar arteries are there per kidney
5
68
true or false: the number of nephrons remain constant after birth
true
69
what does the increase of kindye size result from
growth of the nephonrs
70
what are the 3 basic functions of the nephron
1. Filter blood
2. Return useful substances to the blood so that they are
not lost from the body
3. Remove substances that are not needed by the body
71
what do all three functions of the nephron result in
homeostasis of the blood and urine production
72
what are the 2 parts of the nephron
renal corpuscle
| renal tubule
73
renal corpuscle main function is what
plasma filtration
74
each corpuscle has 2 components: what are hey
1) glomerulus
| 2) bowman capsule
75
TTRUE OR FALSE: the glomerulus is a capilary network
true
76
what is the bowmans capsule
epithelium cup
| surrounding the glomerulus
77
what is the main functiona of the renal tubule
passage of filtered fluid
78
whar are the 3 sctions of the renal tubule
prox conv tubule
loop of henle
distal conv tubule
79
what is the proximal conv tubule
portion attached to the
| glomerular capsuleq
80
what is the loop of henle
nephron loop
81
what is the distal conv tubule
Distal convoluted tubule: tubule is tightly coiled,
| furthest from the glomerular capsule
82
what convulute tubule is attached to the glom capsule
proximal conv tubule
83
the renal corpuscle and both convulutd tubules lie wheeree
in the renal corttex
84
where does the long loop of henle lie
in the medulla
85
several convultied tubules empty into what
a single collecting duct
86
whatt is the last place for reabsorptions
colelctting duct
87
collectting ducts converge to form what
papillary ducts which drain into the minor and jor calyces
88
true or false: the glomerular capsule consttsis of only pariettal layers
false, also visceral
89
what does the visceral layer of the glomerulus capsule consist of
consists of epithelial cells called
| podocytes
90
where do podocytets lie and what do theye form
Podocytes wrap around the glomerular capillaries and
| form the inner wall of the capsule
91
whatt does tthe parietal lyaer of thee glom capsule form
the outre wall of the capsule
92
fluid filted from the glom capsule/filtered from the glomerulus enteres what
the bowmans space (the space between the two layes of thee capsule)
93
80-85% of nephrons are what type
cortical nephrons
94
renal corpuscloes of cortical nephrons lie where
in the superior portion of the cortex
95
short loops of henle lie mosly where
Short loops of Henle lie mostly in the cortex and
| penetrate only the superficial portion of the medulla
96
where do cortical nephons reecive blood supply
Receive blood supply from the peritubular capillaries
| arising from the efferent arterioles
97
15-20% of nephrons are what type
juxtamedullary neprons
98
renal corpuscles of the juxtamedullar nephrons like where
deep in the cortex, close to the
| medulla
99
explain thee long loops of henle and where they are located
Long loops of Henle – ascending limbs consist of a thin ascending limb and a thick ascending limb (lumen is the same only the epithelium thickness varies)
located in medualla
100
where do juxtamedulalry nephons receivee their blood supply
Receive their blood supply from the peritubular
| capillaries and the vasa recta
101
In each nephron, the last part of the ascending
limb of the loop of Henle comes in contact with
what
the afferent arteriole serving the renal corpuscle
102
tubule cells iin the area where the loop of henle comes in contact with the afferent arterial are known as what
macula densa
103
the wall of the afferent arterial of the nephron contacts what fibers and cells
modified
smooth muscle fibers – juxtaglomerular cells (JG
cells)
104
what make up the
| juxtaglomerular apparatus
Both the macula densa and the JG cells
105
Both the macula densa and the JG cells make up what
the
| juxtaglomerular apparatus
106
when doese the distal conv tubule begin
right after the macula densa
107
what are the ttwo types of cells in the distal conv tubule and in the collecting ducts
principle cells
| intercalated cells
108
what are the principle cells in the tubules and collecting ducts for
Receptors for both ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) and
aldosterone (promote sodium & water reabsorption,
potassium excretion)
• Both regulate the function of the principle cells
109
whatt is the function of the intercalted disks of the renal tubule and collecting duct
Play a key role in the homeostasis of blood pH
110
renal tubules drain into what
colelcting ducts
111
collecting ducts drain into what
the large papillary ducts
112
what are the 3 functions of the nephrons
1) glomerular filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion
113
what is the fluid entering the capsulate spacee called
glomerular filtrate
114
more than 99% of the fluid entering the capsular space returns where
to the blood stream via tubular reabsorption
115
Endothelial cells from the glomerular capillaries and podocytes form what
a leaky barrier called the filtration membrane
116
what does the filtration membrane of the nephrons permit
Permits filtration of water and small solutes but prevent filtration of
most plasma proteins, blood cells and platelets
117
filtered subsatncse in the kidney must pass thru 3 barriers,. what are theey
1) glomerular endothelial cells
2) basal lamina
3) a filtrattion slit formed by a podocytee
118
the glomerular endothelial cells contain whatt and whatt does tthat allow for (in terms of filtration)
Contains large fenestrations
- Allows all solutes in the blood plasma to exit the capillary but
prevent filtration of blood cells and platelets
119
What are the types of cells found in the endothelium of the glomerulus that help with filtration
Mesangial cells; contractile cells that help regulate glomerular
filtration
120
what is the basal lamina of the filtration memebraee and what does it preveent
- Layer of acellular material between the endothelium and
podocyte
- Prevents filtration of large plasma proteins
121
whta are pedicels
Pedicels: 1000s of processes extending from each podocyte,
| wrap around each glomerular capillary
122
what do the spacese between the pedicels caleld
filttration slit
123
what is the slit membrane formed by a podycte and what does it allow
Slit membrane: Extends across each filtration slit allowing the
passage of water, glucose, vitamins, amino-acids, very small
plasma proteins, ammonia, urea and ions.
124
tubular reasorption returns what
Returns most of the filtered H20 and solutes into the
| bloodstream
125
tubular reabsorption mainly occurs where
Mainly occurs at the proximal convoluted cells
| - Also carried out by other renal tubule cells and ducts
126
what are some examples of reasborbed solutte in the nephon
Reabsorbed solute include glucose, a-a, urea, ions
(sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate,
and phosphate)
- Most small proteins and peptides are reabsorbed
127
what do diuretics do
Diuretics slow down renal re-absorption of water
| and in turn cause diuresis – increased urination rate
128
what are the 2 major outcomes of tubular secretion
- H+ secretion helps control blood pH
- Secretion of other substances help eliminate them from the
body
129
what is tubular secretion
Transfer of material from the blood and tubular cells
| into the tubular fluid
130
what are some secrete substances of the neprin
Secreted substances include H+, K+ and
| ammonium, creatine and certain drugs
131
know the basic functions of the nephoron picure
.
132
what do the ureteers do
Transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
• Through peristaltic contractions (1-5 / minute) with contribution
from hydrostatic pressure and gravity.
133
true or falsee: the ureeters are retroperitoneal
true
134
what is backflow of urine prevented by
prevented by the pressure
within the bladder compressing the oblique
opening into the ureter
135
what happens if the pressure witthin the pladder compressing the oblique opening into ureter is not functionning proprly
If not functioning properly, microbes can travel up the
| ureter infecting one or both kidneys
136
what are the.3 layers of the ureteeers
1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) adventita
137
what cells do the mucosa of the uretters contain and what does that allow
Contains transitional epithelial cells and a lamina propria
• Allows the ureter to accommodate various volumes of fluid
• Mucous secreted protects the cells and prevent them from coming in
contact with the urine
138
what are the fibers of the muscularis layer of the ureters
Inner longitudinal fibers and outer circular fibers (opposite from
GI tract)
139
trtue or false: the muscularis layer of the ureter only has an inner longitindal fibers
false Distal third of the tube also has an outer longitudinal layer
140
what is the major function of the muscularis layere of the ureeters
peeristalsis
141
whatt is the function of the adventitia layeer of the ureters
Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
| Anchors the ureters in place
142
what is the urinary bladder and where is it located for everone
Hollow, distensible muscular organ located posterior to
| the pubic symphysis
143
in males where is the urinary bladder located
direectly anterior to rectum
144
in femles, where is the bladdre locateed
anterior to vagina, infeerior to uterus
145
how is the urinary bladder held in palce
by folds of peritoneum
146
when empty, what happen to bladder
is collapsed
147
whatt shape is the blader whenstretched
spherical
As the volume increases, it becomes pear-shaped and
rises in the abdominal cavity
148
what is the trigone of the bladder
Small triangular area at the base of the bladder
149
what are the openings in the trigone
2 ureteral openings (posterior corner)
| • 1 internal urethral orifice (anterior corner)
150
what are the layers of the wall of the bladder
1) mucosa
2) muscualris
3) adventitia
151
what are the cells in the mucosa layer of the ueter
Transitional epithelium and lamina propria
152
the folds in the mucous in the bladder are called..
rugae
153
what is the msucularis of the ballder called
detrusor musclee
154
what are the msucle fibers i nthe muscularis layer of the bladder
Consists of inner and outer longitudinal muscle with intermediate
circular muscle layer
155
what is the itnernal urethral sphrincter formed by
circular fibers
156
what is the external urethral sphincteer composed of
skeletal musclees
157
true or false, we have control of both our internal and external urethral sphincter>
false, only external (made from skeletatl muscle)
158
what is the adventia of the urinary bladder
Superficial coat of the posterior and inferior surface of the bladder – continuous with the ureter (superficial surface is covered with the serosa layer of viseral peritoneum
=allows bladder to stretch (move up in abdomen_
159
what is another name for peeeign
mictruition
160
what is mictruition and how does it occur
Discharge of urine from the urinary bladder
• Occurs through a combination of voluntary and
involuntary muscle contractions
161
what makees you have to pee
When the volume > 200-400 ml, stretch receptors in the
wall transmit impulses into the spinal cord
• Propagate to micturition center in the spinal cord (at
the level of S2-S3) and trigger a micturition reflex
162
from the mictrution center where to the parasympathtic impulses propogate and what does that cause
From the micturition center, parasympathetic impulses
propagate to the urinary bladder wall and internal
urethral sphincter
• Causes contractions of the detrusor muscle and
relaxation of the internal urethral spincter
• Simultaneously, innervation of the external urethral
sphincter is inhibited
163
bladder filling causes what
Bladder filling causes a sense of fullness that initiates a conscious desire to urinate before the reflex actually
occurs
164
what can initiate/delay the micturition relfex
Certain muscle of the pelvic floor., the cerebral cortex and
learned control of the external urethral sphincter can
initiate / delay the reflex for a limited period of time
165
what is the urethtra
Small tube from the internal urethral orifice to the exterior
of the body
• Terminal portion of the urinary system
166
what is the terminal portion of the urinary system
urethra
167
where in the urethra located in females
Located posterior to the pubic symphysis
| • Directed obliquely inferior and anterior
168
where is the external urethral orifice located in females
b/w the clitoris and vagina orice
169
epxlai nthe walls of the urethra in women
Wall consists of mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
and muscularis (circular smooth muscle continuous with
the urinary bladder)
170
explain the passative of the urethra in males
Passes through the prostate gland, urogenital diaphragm
| and penis
171
explain nthe walls of the urethra in men
Wall consists of a deep mucosa and a superficial
| muscularis
172
what are the 3 divisions of the urethra in men
prostratic
membranous
spongy
173
in the males, what are some glands/structures that deliver their contents to the urethra
Ducts from the prostate gland
• Ducts from the seminal vesicle and vas deferens
ducts from bulbourethral gland (into spongy)
urethral glands
174
seecretionns from seminal vessicle and vas deferences do what
neutralize the acidity of
the female reproductive system
• Contribute to sperm motility and viability
175
ducts from the bulbourethral gland (copwes) deleiver the contrents into what part of urethra
spongy
176
what does the bulbourethral gland do
• Deliver an alkaline substance before ejaculation to neutralize the acidity of the urethra
• Also secrete mucous which lubricates the end of the
penis during sexual arousal
177
where are the urethral glands found and what do they discharge
(mostly found in spongy urethra,
discharge mucous during sexual arousal and
ejaculation)
178
as you get older, your kidneys get bigger or smaller
smaller
179
as you age, does your kidneys filter more or less blood
less (there is less blood flow)
180
as you get older, what happens to sense of thirst
diminshed
| more prone to dehydration
181
whatt are the common effects of aging on the urinary system
* Polyuria
* Nocturia
* Increased frequency of urination
* Hematuria
