Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANATOMY 254 > lecture 19: urinary system > Flashcards

lecture 19: urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 structures of the urinnary systm

A

kidneys (2)
ureters (2)
urinary bladder
urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

true or false: since we only have 1 bladder, we only have 1 ureter

A

false, we haev 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

true or false: the kidney is the only retroperitoneal organ

A

false, the pancrease is also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the location of the kidney

A

Found between T12 and L3 vertebrae (partially

protected by 11th and 12th rib)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what kidney is lower and rwhy

A

R. kidney is slightly lower than the L. kidney because the liver takes up alot of space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what structures pass thru the renal hilus

A

ureter, renal artery and vein,
lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and/or leave the
kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 3 layers covering the kidney deep to superficial

A

renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal facisca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

put these layers of the kidney in orger from deep to superficial
adipose capsule, renal capsule, renal fascia

A

renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

true or false: adipose capsule is the deepest layer covereing the kidney

A

false, it is the intermediate layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of the renal capsule (deep)

A
  • Forms a barrier against trauma

* Helps maintain the shape of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the adipose capsule (internemdiate) and its function

A
  • Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
  • Protects against trauma
  • Helps hold the kidney in place within the abdominal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of the renal fascia (superficial)

A
  • Anchors kidney to surrounding structrues

* Deep to peritoneum (on anterior surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the renal fascia is deep to what

A

deep to peritoneum on anterior surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is nephroptosis

A

Inferior displacement of the kidney (dropping of kidney)

  • Kidney slips due to a deficient adipose capsule or renal fascia
  • Occurs most often in very thin people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nephroptosis occurs most often in what types of people

A

very thin people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens in serious cases of nephroptosis

A

In serious cases, the ureter may kink and block the flow of urine

  • Back-up of urine causes pressure on the kidney, damaging the tissue
  • Pain results from the twisting ureter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

true or false, the renal cortex is deep

A

false although it is part of the internal structures of the kidney, it is superfiecial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

explain where the renal cortex is located

A

(extends from the renal capsule to the base of the

pyramids and spaces between the pyramids (Renal columns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the spcaces b/w the pyrmadids called

A

renal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the renal medulla

A

Consists of 8-18 cone-shaped renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the base and apex of the renal medulla

A

Base: faces the renal cortex

• Apex: Renal papilla – points towards the center of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a reneal lobe

A

Area consisting of 1 renal pyramid and its overlying renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are renal lobes divideed into

A

Divided into an outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary
zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the number of pyramids = the number of blank

A

minor calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the functuonal portion of the kidney

A

parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

wat dies the parenchyma constain

A

nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the functional unit of the kindey

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where does the urinne formed by the nephrons drain

A

into the large papillary ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

exxplain the passage of urine

A 
Urine formed by the nephrons drains into large papillary ducts
• Papillary ducts drain into minor calyces (8-18) which in turn drain into
major calyces (2-3)
• One minor calyx receives urine from renal papilla and delivers it to a
major calyx
• Urine then drains from the major calyces into the renal pelvis and then
out through the ureter into the urinary bladde
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

• One minor calyx receives urine from renal papilla and delivers it to whatn

A

major calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

urine drains from thee major calyces to where

A

the reenal pelvis then out thru the ureter to the bkaldder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the renal sinus

A

Expanded area of the renal hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does the renal sinus cotnrain

A

Contains the calyces, part of the renal pelvis, renal

blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the space occupied by the calyces and pelvis called

A

renal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the 3 major fucntions of the kindye

A

Regulation of blood volume and composition

reg of blood pressure

contribution of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

true or fale: the kidney removes waste

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

formation of the urine is done by what

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how does the kindeey help control blood pH

A

by excreting selected ampunts of H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

explain hoe the kidney regulates blood pressure

A

• Secretion of the enzyme RENIN

Activates the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in an
increase in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does RENIN do

A

Activates the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in an

increase in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

true or falsee: the kidney can particpate in synthesis of vit D

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

explain how tje kidney contributes to metabolism

A
  • Synthesis of new glucose molecules during periods of fasting or starvation
  • Secretion of erythropoeitin

Synthesis of vitamin D


How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

true or false: kidneys recieve very little of cardiac output

A

false, they reecive 20-25% of the cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

within each kidney, the renal artery dives into what

A

lobar/segmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the segmental arterie branch into what

A

interlobar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

at the base of the pyramids, the interlobar arch b./w the medualla amd the cortex form what

A

the arcurate a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what do arcuate artriese bracinh into

A

interlobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what do interlobular artries branch off into

A

afferent arterials (entering the glomerulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

afferent artries enter what

A

the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the renal artery branches off what

A

abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what artery is fpound between the lobes

A

interlobar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

each nephron recives one affterent arteris which dives to form what

A

to form a glomerulus (small

tangled capillary network)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the capilarries that divided to form the glomeerulus reunite to form what

A

sn efferent arterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the efferent arterilees drains or brings blood into thee glom

A

drains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what can vasodilation/constriction of the afferent or effeerent arterioles of the nephron do

A

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of afferent / efferent
can produce large changes in the renal blood flow and
vascular resistance affecting the entire systemic
circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the flow of fluid thru a nephron

A 
bowmans capsule
prox conv tubule
descneding limb of loop of henle
ascending limb of loop of hele
distal conv tibule (into colleected duct)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

efferent arteries of the nephon divide to form wht

A

Divide to form a network of capillaries called

peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where do peritubular caps surrond

A

Surround tubular portions of the nephron in the renal

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

the peritubular capillaries reuine to form what

A

Reunite to form peritubular venules and then
interlobular veins (also receive blood from the vasa
recta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what does the vasa recta supply

A

the meudulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

blood leaves the kidneys how

A

thru renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

where do vasa recta extend and what do they supply

A

Extend from some efferent arteries and supply the

tubular portions of the nephrons in the renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

where do the nerves of the kidney originate from

A

Originate from the celiac ganglia (sympathetic division

of the ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

where do the nerves of the kidney pass thr u

A

the renal plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are the most common nerves in the kidney and what do they do

A

• Most are vasomotor nerves and regulate blood flow and

renal resistance by altering the diameter of arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

EXPLAIN THE ENTIRE PATHWAY OF BLOOD THRY THE KIDNEY

A 
renal artery
segmental/lobar
interlobar
arcurate
interlobular
affereten arterioles 
glom capillaries
efferent arterioles
vasa recta 
peritubular venules
interlobular v
arcurate v
interlobar v
renal v
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

how many segmental/lobar arteries are there per kidney

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

true or false: the number of nephrons remain constant after birth

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what does the increase of kindye size result from

A

growth of the nephonrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what are the 3 basic functions of the nephron

A
  1. Filter blood
  2. Return useful substances to the blood so that they are
    not lost from the body
  3. Remove substances that are not needed by the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what do all three functions of the nephron result in

A

homeostasis of the blood and urine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what are the 2 parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

renal corpuscle main function is what

A

plasma filtration

74
Q

each corpuscle has 2 components: what are hey

A

1) glomerulus

2) bowman capsule

75
Q

TTRUE OR FALSE: the glomerulus is a capilary network

76
Q

what is the bowmans capsule

A

epithelium cup

surrounding the glomerulus

77
Q

what is the main functiona of the renal tubule

A

passage of filtered fluid

78
Q

whar are the 3 sctions of the renal tubule

A

prox conv tubule
loop of henle
distal conv tubule

79
Q

what is the proximal conv tubule

A

portion attached to the

glomerular capsuleq

80
Q

what is the loop of henle

A

nephron loop

81
Q

what is the distal conv tubule

A

Distal convoluted tubule: tubule is tightly coiled,

furthest from the glomerular capsule

82
Q

what convulute tubule is attached to the glom capsule

A

proximal conv tubule

83
Q

the renal corpuscle and both convulutd tubules lie wheeree

A

in the renal corttex

84
Q

where does the long loop of henle lie

A

in the medulla

85
Q

several convultied tubules empty into what

A

a single collecting duct

86
Q

whatt is the last place for reabsorptions

A

colelctting duct

87
Q

collectting ducts converge to form what

A

papillary ducts which drain into the minor and jor calyces

88
Q

true or false: the glomerular capsule consttsis of only pariettal layers

A

false, also visceral

89
Q

what does the visceral layer of the glomerulus capsule consist of

A

consists of epithelial cells called

podocytes

90
Q

where do podocytets lie and what do theye form

A

Podocytes wrap around the glomerular capillaries and

form the inner wall of the capsule

91
Q

whatt does tthe parietal lyaer of thee glom capsule form

A

the outre wall of the capsule

92
Q

fluid filted from the glom capsule/filtered from the glomerulus enteres what

A

the bowmans space (the space between the two layes of thee capsule)

93
Q

80-85% of nephrons are what type

A

cortical nephrons

94
Q

renal corpuscloes of cortical nephrons lie where

A

in the superior portion of the cortex

95
Q

short loops of henle lie mosly where

A

Short loops of Henle lie mostly in the cortex and

penetrate only the superficial portion of the medulla

96
Q

where do cortical nephons reecive blood supply

A

Receive blood supply from the peritubular capillaries

arising from the efferent arterioles

97
Q

15-20% of nephrons are what type

A

juxtamedullary neprons

98
Q

renal corpuscles of the juxtamedullar nephrons like where

A

deep in the cortex, close to the

medulla

99
Q

explain thee long loops of henle and where they are located

A

Long loops of Henle – ascending limbs consist of a thin ascending limb and a thick ascending limb (lumen is the same only the epithelium thickness varies)

located in medualla

100
Q

where do juxtamedulalry nephons receivee their blood supply

A

Receive their blood supply from the peritubular

capillaries and the vasa recta

101
Q

In each nephron, the last part of the ascending
limb of the loop of Henle comes in contact with
what

A

the afferent arteriole serving the renal corpuscle

102
Q

tubule cells iin the area where the loop of henle comes in contact with the afferent arterial are known as what

A

macula densa

103
Q

the wall of the afferent arterial of the nephron contacts what fibers and cells

A

modified
smooth muscle fibers – juxtaglomerular cells (JG
cells)

104
Q

what make up the

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Both the macula densa and the JG cells

105
Q

Both the macula densa and the JG cells make up what

A

the

juxtaglomerular apparatus

106
Q

when doese the distal conv tubule begin

A

right after the macula densa

107
Q

what are the ttwo types of cells in the distal conv tubule and in the collecting ducts

A

principle cells

intercalated cells

108
Q

what are the principle cells in the tubules and collecting ducts for

A

Receptors for both ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) and
aldosterone (promote sodium & water reabsorption,
potassium excretion)

• Both regulate the function of the principle cells

109
Q

whatt is the function of the intercalted disks of the renal tubule and collecting duct

A

Play a key role in the homeostasis of blood pH

110
Q

renal tubules drain into what

A

colelcting ducts

111
Q

collecting ducts drain into what

A

the large papillary ducts

112
Q

what are the 3 functions of the nephrons

A

1) glomerular filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion

113
Q

what is the fluid entering the capsulate spacee called

A

glomerular filtrate

114
Q

more than 99% of the fluid entering the capsular space returns where

A

to the blood stream via tubular reabsorption

115
Q

Endothelial cells from the glomerular capillaries and podocytes form what

A

a leaky barrier called the filtration membrane

116
Q

what does the filtration membrane of the nephrons permit

A

Permits filtration of water and small solutes but prevent filtration of
most plasma proteins, blood cells and platelets

117
Q

filtered subsatncse in the kidney must pass thru 3 barriers,. what are theey

A

1) glomerular endothelial cells
2) basal lamina
3) a filtrattion slit formed by a podocytee

118
Q

the glomerular endothelial cells contain whatt and whatt does tthat allow for (in terms of filtration)

A

Contains large fenestration􀀁s
- Allows all solutes in the blood plasma to exit the capillary but
prevent filtration of blood cells and platelets

119
Q

What are the types of cells found in the endothelium of the glomerulus that help with filtration

A

Mesangial cells; contractile cells that help regulate glomerular
filtration

120
Q

what is the basal lamina of the filtration memebraee and what does it preveent

A
  • Layer of acellular material between the endothelium and
    podocyte
  • Prevents filtration of large plasma proteins
121
Q

whta are pedicels

A

Pedicels: 1000􀀁s of processes extending from each podocyte,

wrap around each glomerular capillary

122
Q

what do the spacese between the pedicels caleld

A

filttration slit

123
Q

what is the slit membrane formed by a podycte and what does it allow

A

Slit membrane: Extends across each filtration slit allowing the
passage of water, glucose, vitamins, amino-acids, very small
plasma proteins, ammonia, urea and ions.

124
Q

tubular reasorption returns what

A

Returns most of the filtered H20 and solutes into the

bloodstream

125
Q

tubular reabsorption mainly occurs where

A

Mainly occurs at the proximal convoluted cells

- Also carried out by other renal tubule cells and ducts

126
Q

what are some examples of reasborbed solutte in the nephon

A

Reabsorbed solute include glucose, a-a, urea, ions
(sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate,
and phosphate)
- Most small proteins and peptides are reabsorbed

127
Q

what do diuretics do

A

Diuretics slow down renal re-absorption of water

and in turn cause diuresis – increased urination rate

128
Q

what are the 2 major outcomes of tubular secretion

A
  • H+ secretion helps control blood pH
  • Secretion of other substances help eliminate them from the
    body
129
Q

what is tubular secretion

A

Transfer of material from the blood and tubular cells

into the tubular fluid

130
Q

what are some secrete substances of the neprin

A

Secreted substances include H+, K+ and

ammonium, creatine and certain drugs

131
Q

know the basic functions of the nephoron picure

132
Q

what do the ureteers do

A

Transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

• Through peristaltic contractions (1-5 / minute) with contribution
from hydrostatic pressure and gravity.

133
Q

true or falsee: the ureeters are retroperitoneal

134
Q

what is backflow of urine prevented by

A

prevented by the pressure
within the bladder compressing the oblique
opening into the ureter

135
Q

what happens if the pressure witthin the pladder compressing the oblique opening into ureter is not functionning proprly

A

If not functioning properly, microbes can travel up the

ureter infecting one or both kidneys

136
Q

what are the.3 layers of the ureteeers

A

1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) adventita

137
Q

what cells do the mucosa of the uretters contain and what does that allow

A

Contains transitional epithelial cells and a lamina propria

• Allows the ureter to accommodate various volumes of fluid

• Mucous secreted protects the cells and prevent them from coming in
contact with the urine

138
Q

what are the fibers of the muscularis layer of the ureters

A

Inner longitudinal fibers and outer circular fibers (opposite from
GI tract)

139
Q

trtue or false: the muscularis layer of the ureter only has an inner longitindal fibers

A

false Distal third of the tube also has an outer longitudinal layer

140
Q

what is the major function of the muscularis layere of the ureeters

A

peeristalsis

141
Q

whatt is the function of the adventitia layeer of the ureters

A

Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

Anchors the ureters in place

142
Q

what is the urinary bladder and where is it located for everone

A

Hollow, distensible muscular organ located posterior to

the pubic symphysis

143
Q

in males where is the urinary bladder located

A

direectly anterior to rectum

144
Q

in femles, where is the bladdre locateed

A

anterior to vagina, infeerior to uterus

145
Q

how is the urinary bladder held in palce

A

by folds of peritoneum

146
Q

when empty, what happen to bladder

A

is collapsed

147
Q

whatt shape is the blader whenstretched

A

spherical
As the volume increases, it becomes pear-shaped and
rises in the abdominal cavity

148
Q

what is the trigone of the bladder

A

Small triangular area at the base of the bladder

149
Q

what are the openings in the trigone

A

2 ureteral openings (posterior corner)

• 1 internal urethral orifice (anterior corner)

150
Q

what are the layers of the wall of the bladder

A

1) mucosa
2) muscualris
3) adventitia

151
Q

what are the cells in the mucosa layer of the ueter

A

Transitional epithelium and lamina propria

152
Q

the folds in the mucous in the bladder are called..

153
Q

what is the msucularis of the ballder called

A

detrusor musclee

154
Q

what are the msucle fibers i nthe muscularis layer of the bladder

A

Consists of inner and outer longitudinal muscle with intermediate
circular muscle layer

155
Q

what is the itnernal urethral sphrincter formed by

A

circular fibers

156
Q

what is the external urethral sphincteer composed of

A

skeletal musclees

157
Q

true or false, we have control of both our internal and external urethral sphincter>

A

false, only external (made from skeletatl muscle)

158
Q

what is the adventia of the urinary bladder

A

Superficial coat of the posterior and inferior surface of the bladder – continuous with the ureter (superficial surface is covered with the serosa layer of viseral peritoneum

=allows bladder to stretch (move up in abdomen_

159
Q

what is another name for peeeign

A

mictruition

160
Q

what is mictruition and how does it occur

A

Discharge of urine from the urinary bladder
• Occurs through a combination of voluntary and
involuntary muscle contractions

161
Q

what makees you have to pee

A

When the volume > 200-400 ml, stretch receptors in the
wall transmit impulses into the spinal cord

• Propagate to micturition center in the spinal cord (at
the level of S2-S3) and trigger a micturition reflex

162
Q

from the mictrution center where to the parasympathtic impulses propogate and what does that cause

A

From the micturition center, parasympathetic impulses
propagate to the urinary bladder wall and internal
urethral sphincter
• Causes contractions of the detrusor muscle and
relaxation of the internal urethral spincter

• Simultaneously, innervation of the external urethral
sphincter is inhibited

163
Q

bladder filling causes what

A

Bladder filling causes a sense of fullness that initiates a conscious desire to urinate before the reflex actually
occurs

164
Q

what can initiate/delay the micturition relfex

A

Certain muscle of the pelvic floor., the cerebral cortex and
learned control of the external urethral sphincter can
initiate / delay the reflex for a limited period of time

165
Q

what is the urethtra

A

Small tube from the internal urethral orifice to the exterior
of the body
• Terminal portion of the urinary system

166
Q

what is the terminal portion of the urinary system

167
Q

where in the urethra located in females

A

Located posterior to the pubic symphysis

• Directed obliquely inferior and anterior

168
Q

where is the external urethral orifice located in females

A

b/w the clitoris and vagina orice

169
Q

epxlai nthe walls of the urethra in women

A

Wall consists of mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
and muscularis (circular smooth muscle continuous with
the urinary bladder)

170
Q

explain the passative of the urethra in males

A

Passes through the prostate gland, urogenital diaphragm

and penis

171
Q

explain nthe walls of the urethra in men

A

Wall consists of a deep mucosa and a superficial

muscularis

172
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the urethra in men

A

prostratic
membranous
spongy

173
Q

in the males, what are some glands/structures that deliver their contents to the urethra

A

Ducts from the prostate gland

• Ducts from the seminal vesicle and vas deferens

ducts from bulbourethral gland (into spongy)

urethral glands

174
Q

seecretionns from seminal vessicle and vas deferences do what

A

neutralize the acidity of
the female reproductive system

• Contribute to sperm motility and viability

175
Q

ducts from the bulbourethral gland (copwes) deleiver the contrents into what part of urethra

176
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland do

A

• Deliver an alkaline substance before ejaculation to neutralize the acidity of the urethra

• Also secrete mucous which lubricates the end of the
penis during sexual arousal

177
Q

where are the urethral glands found and what do they discharge

A

(mostly found in spongy urethra,
discharge mucous during sexual arousal and
ejaculation)

178
Q

as you get older, your kidneys get bigger or smaller

179
Q

as you age, does your kidneys filter more or less blood

A

less (there is less blood flow)

180
Q

as you get older, what happens to sense of thirst

A

diminshed

more prone to dehydration

181
Q

whatt are the common effects of aging on the urinary system

A
  • Polyuria
  • Nocturia
  • Increased frequency of urination
  • Hematuria

ANATOMY 254 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions