lecture 11: Special Sensies Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 general senses
A
pain temp touch pressure vibrations prorprioception
2
Q
what receptors sense pain
A
nociceptos
3
Q
what receptors sense temp
A
thermoreceptors
4
Q
what receptors sense touch
A
mechanoreceptos
5
Q
what receptors sense pressure
A
mechanoreceptors
6
Q
what receptores sense vibration
A
mechonoreceptors
7
Q
what receptors sense proprioception
A
proprioceptors
8
Q
what are the 4 special senses
A
smell
taste
vision
hearing and equilibrium
9
Q
olfaction is for the sense of…
A
dsmrll
10
Q
what are the 3 cell types related to olfaction
A
olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal stem cells
11
Q
are olfactory nerves uni, multi or bipolar
A
bipolst
12
Q
be able to locate the olfactory cells on a picure
A
.
13
Q
olfactory receptor cells are bipolar or unipolar
A
bipolar
14
Q
the olfactory receptor cells are sites of what
A
olfcatory transfuction
15
Q
what do olfactory receptor cells respond to
A
chemical stimulationn of an odorant molecule, initiate the olfactory response
16
Q
where do the single axons of olfacotry receptor cells project through
A
project through the cribifom plate into the olfactoru bulb
17
Q
explain what the supporting cells of the olfaction are
A
columnar epithelial cells which line the nose
18
Q
what are the 2 functions of supporting cells of olfaction
A
provide physical support, nourish, and insule the olfactory receptor cells
help detoxify the chemicals which come in contact with olfactory epithelium
19
Q
where is the location of basal stem cells of olfaction
A
lie between the bases of support cells
20
Q
true or false: basal cells are slow at reporducing
A
false, they continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells
21
Q
what stems undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells
A
basal stem cells
22
Q
1 basal cell lives how long
A
1 month
23
Q
the number of basal stem cells and olfactory cells decrase or increase with age
A
decrease
24
Q
true or false; there is incrased sensisitve of olfactory nerves as age increases
A
false, decreases
25
what is the only sense that goes directly to the cortex without going to the thalamus first
smell
26
what lobe do you first become aware of what you are smelling
temporal lobe
27
gustation is the sense of what
taste
28
what are the 4 major classes of stimuli distinguised in gustation
sour
sweet
bittter salty
29
what is the other class of stim that we can identify in taste
umami
30
odors from food pass where
up nasal cavity
31
what do the odors that pass up into the nasal cavity stimulate
stim the oflactory receptor cells
32
where are receptors for taste location
taste buds
33
how many taste buds do we have
10k
34
where are taste buds located
tongue, soft palate, pharynx and larynx
35
true or false: the number of taste buds decrease with age
true
36
what are the 3 cell types on taste buds
support cells
gustatory receptor cells
basal cells
37
be able to locate the cells of taste buds
.
38
explain the neural pathway for gustatory receptor cells
gustatory receptor cells synapse with dendrites of a sensory neuron, branch out and contact many gustatory recepto cells in severeal taste buds
39
where are taste buds housed
in papillae
40
what are the 4 types of papillae on the tongue
circumvallate (vallate)
fungiform
foliate
filiform
41
true or false: filiform no longer contains taste buds
true
42
what papillae causes wrinkles on the side of the tongue
foliate papilla
43
what papilla forms a v at the back of the tongue
vallate papilla
44
what are the medium sized taste buds on the tongue
fungiform papilla
45
what are the small taste buds on the surface for abraision
filiform papilla
46
what are the 3 cranial nerves invovled in the gustatory pathway
facial
glosspharangeal
vagus
47
what part of the tongue foes the facial nerve inenrvate
anterior 2/3 of tongue
48
what part of the tongue foes the glossopharangeal nerve inervate
posterior third
49
what part of the tongue does the vagus nevve innervate
root and epiglottis
50
from taste buds, impulses travel where first
propagate along the cranial nerves to the medulla oblongato
51
what are the 2 locations that the taste fibers project
| 1
1) limbic system areas and hypothalamus
| 2) thalamus (extend to primary gustatory area in parietal lobe)
52
which lobe is responsible for smell
temporal
53
whcih lobe is response for taste
parietal
54
be able to understand the gustatory pathway
.
55
what are the 5 accessory structures to the eye
```
eyelids
eyelashes
eyebrows
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
```
56
what muscle is response for opening the eye lid (upper)
levator palpebra superiorsis muscle
57
what is the line between the two eyelinds called
palpabral fissure
58
what are the angles where the eye lids meet called
lateral and medial comissure
59
what does the lacrimal caruncle contrain
contains sebaceous (oil) glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
60
what are the layerts of the eyelid (superior to deep)
```
epidermis
dermis
subcut tissue
orbicularis occuli
tarsus
conjuctiva (palp part)
```
61
be able to put the layerts of the eye in order
.
62
what is the functuon of the tarsal glands
thick connective tissue that holds the eye in place
63
what are the 3 fucntions of the eyelashes/eyebrows
protect eyeball from foreign objectives
protect eyeball from perspiration
protect eyeball from direct rays from sun
64
what releases a lubrication fluid into the hair follicles of the eye
sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashses
65
sebacaeous glands at the base of the eye lashses release what
lubrication fluid into the hair follicules (infection=sty)
66
the lacrimal apparatus produces and drains what
lacrimal fluid (tears)
67
what are tears
watery solution containing
salts
mucous
lyzosyme
68
whta is the function of the lacrimal apparatus in producing tears
protect
clean
lubricate/moisten
69
what are the 6 assocaited structures with the laccrimal apparatus
```
lacrimal galnds
lacrimal ducts
nasolacrimal duct
lacrimal punctum
lacrimal canals
lacrimal sac
```
70
be able to locate the lacrimal apparetus
/
71
what are the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye
```
sup rectus
inf rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
sup obloque
inf oblique
```
72
what motion does the sup rectus do
superior and medial
73
what motion does the inf rectus do
inferior and medial
74
what motion does the lateral rectus do
abducts eye
75
what motion does the medial rectus do
adducts eye
76
what motion does the sup oblique do
moves eyeball iniferior and lateral
77
what motion does the inf oblique do
superior and laterally
78
whta is the diamter of the eye
2.5 cm
79
what percentage of the eye is exposed
1/6
80
MAJORITY of the eye is protected by waht
the orbit
81
what are the 3 layers of the eyeball
1) fibrous tunic (sclera)
2) vascular tunic (choroid(
3) retina
82
but these in order from superior to deep
| retina, fibrous tunic, vascular tunic
fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
retina
83
what is the most superficial later of the eyeball
fibrous tunic
84
what are the 2 components of fibrous tunic
anterior cornea
| posterior sclera
85
explain the anterior cornea
transparent
| helps focus light onto the retina
86
true or false: the sclera helps focus light onto the retina
false, the cornea
87
explain the posterior scelra
"white:"
| gives shape and protects inner parts of eye ball
88
what is the intermediate layer of the eyeball
vascular tinuc
89
what are the 3 components of the vascular tunic
choroid
cilliary body
iris
90
what is the functon of the choroid
provides nutrient to retina
91
what are the 2 strucctures assocaited with ciliary bodies
ciliarie processes
| ciliaru muscles
92
what do ciliary msucles do
alter the shape of the lens
93
what does the iris respond to
responsds to chagnes in light level
94
what are the 2 types of muscles assocaited to the irus
circular vs radial muscles
95
when focussing on far, the lens is more flat.
| what does that mean for the postion of the cilariy ligaments and muscles
the ligaments must be tight (to pull on the lens) and the ciliary muscles must be relaxed
96
when focussing close, the lens is more round.
| what does that mean for the postion of the cilariy ligaments and muscles
the ligaments need to be more relaxed (to allow the lens to be more circular) therefore the ciliary muscles need to contstuct
97
pupil constricts as circular muscles of the iris contract or relax
contract
98
if the circualr eye myscles contract, the radial muscles are also contracted or relaxed
relaxed
99
pupil dialtes as what happens to radial muscles
radial muscles contrain
100
the constrict the pupil, what muscles of the eye contract
circular
101
to dilate the pupil what muscles need to contact
radial muscles
102
what is the innermost layer of the eyeball
retina
103
the optic disk is located where
retina wall
104
is the optic disc more medial or lateral on the wall
medial
105
what artery and vein pass thoroug hthe optic nerve
central retinal aterioy and vein
106
the retina contains 2 portions, what are they
1) pigment epithelium
| 2) neural portion
107
what portion of the retina is the non visual portion
pigment epithelium
108
what portion of the reina is the visual poriton
the neural portion
109
where does processing take place in the retina
neural portion
110
what is deeper, pigment epithelium or neural portion
pigment epithelium
111
what is the pigment epithelium
sheet of melanin contraining epitheliam cells (lcoated between chrooid and neural portion)
112
is melanin only found in the pigment epithelum
no , also the choroid
113
what is the dunction of melanin in the ey
absorbs stray light rays, prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eye ball
(image cast by retina remains shpart and clear)
114
the neural porition is superior or deep to pigment epithelium
supericual
115
what is the neural portion
the multilayerd part wihch processes the visual data before transmitting nerve impulses to the thalamus
116
what are the 3 layers of the neural protion
photoceptor layer
bipolar layer
ganglion cell layer
117
put these in order of deep to superifial
| ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, photorecptor
photoreceptor
bipolar
gangion
118
what are the 2 other types of cells in the neural portion
horizontal and amacrine
119
true or false: processing of images begins in the pigmented layer
False
120
all the info at the ganglion cell layer converse to where
the optic disk
121
whatt is the order of processing info in the eye
```
photoreceptor
outer synaptic layer
bipolar cell level
inner synaptic layer
gangion cell layer
```
122
rods and cones are located in what layer of the neural portion
photoreceptor layer
123
what are the 2 types of photorecrptors
rods cones
124
rods have a low or high light threshold
low light
125
what tallows us to see in dim light
rods
126
cones are stimulated by brihgt or dark light
bright light
127
what produces colour vision
cones
128
what is there a very high ceoncertraio of rods and cones
macula lutea
129
fovea centralis only has rods or cones
only cones
130
what is reponse for sharpness of vision
fovea centralis
131
the optic disk is the reason we have a BLANK
blind spot
132
true or false: you can find rods and cones in the optic disk
false, no rods or cones
133
fovea cetntriallis is medial or lateral to optic disk
lateral
134
is the lens vascular or avascular
avascular
135
the lens is posterior or anterior to pupil and irus
posterior
136
the lens is composed of what
protein (crystallins)
137
is the lens nromally transparent
yes
138
what is the lens held in place by
suspensory ligament
139
what are the 2 functions of the lens `
1) fine tunes focussing of light rays
| 2) faciliates clear vision
140
what are the 2 cavities on the interior of the eye
anterior and posterior
141
the anterior cavity contains what
aqueous humor (water based liquid)
142
the anterior cavity is dividied into the..
anterior and posterior chamber
143
the posterior cavity conttains whatt lieque
vitrous humor (gel like)
144
the anterior caviyy is in what postion in relation to the lens
anterior to the lens
145
does any processing happen in the eye before it goes to the brain
yes at the retina there is significant [rocessing of the visual signals
146
axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide what
ouput from the reina to the brain
147
what leads to the generationn of nerve impulses in the eye
rods and cones
148
what do rods and cones release and what does that lead to
release NT which lead to the generation of enrve impulses
149
axons of the optic nerve pass through where frist
optic chamism
150
true or false: all fibers of the eye cross to the opposite side
false, some stay others fo
151
what happens to the fibers after the optic chaism (where does the signal go)
after the optic chiams, the fibers form the optic tract, enter the brain and terminante in the thalamus (some bypass and go staight to sup colliculo)
152
what is the function of sup colliculo
sight
153
do all fibers terminate in the thalamus for vision
false, some go directrly to sup colliculo)
154
after synapsing inn the thalamus, optic radiates projects tto where
tto visual areas inn the occpiatl lobes fo the cerebral corttex
155
medial tracts cross over or stay on same side
cross over
156
in what lobe are we conciously aware of vision
occipital lobe
157
what are the 3 divisions of the ear
external
middle
internal ear
158
how is the external ear atached to the head
ligaments and muscle
159
what are the parts of the auricle
```
helix
antihelix
tragus
anti tragus
chocnhae
lolbule
```
160
how longis the external acoustic meatus
2.5 cm
161
where is the external acoustic meatus located
in the temporal bone
162
what are the special oil glands of theear
ceruminous
163
what do specialzed oil grlands in the ear secrete
ear wax
164
what is the fancy name for ear wax
ceruumen
165
true or false: ear wax makes no difference in hearing
false, some people produce excessive amountts resulting in a muffled incominng sounds
166
what protects the external acoustic meatus and protects it from what
hair and wax protect from dust or foreigh objects
167
what is the tympanic membrane
thin, semitransparent memebrane between external and middle ear
168
true or false: the tympanic membrane is covered by dermin
false, epidermis
169
which vibrates less pars tensa or pars flaccida
pars tens
170
what bone does the middle ear lie in
tenporal bone
171
what is the middle ear
air filled cavility lined with epithelium
172
what are the 3 bones of the middle ear
malleus
incus
stapes
173
orgaize these from lateral to medial (outer to inner)
| incus, stapes, malleus
malleus
incus
stapes
174
what does malleus mean
hammer
175
what does incus mean
anvil
176
what does stapes mean
stirrup
177
what does the malleus articuate with
tympanic membrane and incus
178
what does incus articulate with
stapes and malleus
179
what does stapes articulate which
incus and sits in ovale window
180
the stapes sits in the ovale or round window
oval
181
what are the 2 muscles attaching to ossicles
tensor tympani muscle
| stapedius muscle
182
what is the fucntuin of tensor tympanic
cotnact to reduce vibrations
183
what is the eustachian tube made up of
bone and hyaline cartilage
184
what does the eustachian tube connect
connects the middle ear and nasopharyx (upper portiono of throat)
185
explain air movement in esutachian tube
allows air to enter / leaving the middle ear until they pressures are equilvalent
186
the inner ear is made up of only a bony labrinth
falwe, also inner memrbanous
187
what are the components of the outer bony labrinths
semi circular canals
vestibule
cochlea
perilyph
188
what are the compoents of the inenr membranous labrynth
uttricle and sacrical
semi circ ductt
contains endolypm
189
trye or false, the outer bony labryth contains endolypth
false, perilymph
190
what liquid in the ear is simular to CSF
perylyphn
191
what liquid has a hgih concentrion of K+ ions
endolypm
192
what are the 2 brances of the vestobulochochlear nerve
vestibular branch
| cochlear
193
the bestipular branch is just sensory
false, and motor
194
what is the function of vestibular branch
equilibrium
195
is cochlear only sensory
yes
196
what is the function of the cochlear branch
hearing
197
what are the 3 nerves of the vestibular branch
ampullar
utricular
saccular
198
the cochlea is anterior or posterior to vestibule
anterior
199
the cochlea spirals around what
modiuolus
200
the cochlea dives into what 3 channels
scale vsetibule
scala tympani
cochlear duct
201
where does the scale vestibule end
at oval window
202
where does the scala tympani end
at round window
203
scale typani and vestibuli connect wehere
helicotrema
204
what does the vestibular membrane seperate
cochlear duct from scale vestibuli
205
what does the basilar membrane seperate
seperatoes cochlear duct and scala tympani
206
where does the organ of corti rest
onn basilar memebrane
207
what is the organ of corti
coiled sheet of epithelial cells
208
what are the 16k hair cells in the ear called
organ of corti 9hearing)
209
organ of corti synapse with what
sensory and motor neurosnf rom the cochlear branch
210
explain mechanism of hearing
slide 85
211
explai nmechanism of static equil
slide 87
212
explain emechanism for dynamic equilibrium
slide 88
