Lecture 9 Flashcards
what are the four major types of living organisms
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
which of the four major types of living organisms are monomers
lipids
what is the function of carbohydrates
energy storage, structural components
what is in a monosaccharide
glucose (carbohydrate)
what is in a disaccharide
sucrose (carbohydrate)
what is the most common way that plants transport energy
through sucrose
what is in a polysaccharide
starch, cellulose, chitin
what are characteristics of lipids
fats and fatlike substance, hydrophobic, energy-storage, structural purpose
what are phospholipids
structural role in cell membrane and amphipathic
what are steroids
cell membranes and hormones
how do lipids help with water loss
cutin, suberin, and waxes
what are nucleic acids
polymers of nucleotides, DNA and RNA
what is the function of nucleic acids
introductions from protein synthesis
what is ATP
a modified nucleotide
where are primary metabolites found
found in all plant cells and are necessary for the life of the plant
where re secondary metabolites found
found only in some cells and vary by species/plant organ/cell
what are characteristics of secondary metabolites
chemical signals, defense, protection from radiation, aid in pollen and seed dispersal
what are the three types of secondary metabolites
alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics
morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine are examples of what
alkaloids
where are terpenoids found
in all plants
isoprene, essential oils, taxol, rubber, and cardiac glycosides are examples of what
terpenoids
where are phenolics found
present in all parts of almost all plants
what components do all cells contain
plasma membrane, genetic material, cytosol, ribosomes
what is the function of the plasma membrane
transport in and out of protoplasts; coordinates synthesis and assembly of cell wall; receives and transmits signals
what is the function of the nucleus
controls ongoing cell activity; stores genetic information
what are plastids
function in photosynthesis and storage; are classified in part by the type of pigments they contain
what are characteristics of plastids
own DNA and ribosomes; double membrane; division by fission
what are characteristics of chloroplasts
contain chlorophylls and carotenoids; site of photosynthesis; temporary starch storage
what are characteristics of mitochondria
own DNA and ribosomes; double membrane; divided by fission; sites of cellular respiration
what are vacuoles
membrane-bound region filled with liquid; may be 90% of cell volume
what is the function of vacuoles
maintain tissue rigidity; store primary and secondary metabolites; store pigments; may breakdown and recycle macromolecules
where are flagella found
in gametes in plants with motile sperm
what type of plants have flagella
mosses, liverworts, ferns, cycads, ginko
what is the cell wall composed of
cellulose, lignin, cutin, suberin, wax, middle lamella
what is unique to cells with secondary walls
they are no longer able to divide or differentiate nor increase in size, usually die after formation
what are plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic strands connecting adjacent cells
what are the parts of the cell cycle
interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
what are phragmosomes
cytoplasmic strands
what are phragmoplasts
microtubules that guide the Golgi in forming the cell plate
