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Plant Science > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what organism in the kingdom plantae doesn’t have seeds or a vascular system

A

bryophytes

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2
Q

what organisms are bryophytes

A

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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3
Q

what organism in the kingdom plantae have seeds and a vascular system

A

ferns, clubmosses, whisk ferns, horsetails

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4
Q

what are gymnosperms and angiosperms considered

A

seed plants

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5
Q

what are some of the main characteristics of bryophytes

A

seedless; nonvascular; most found in moist habitats; wide range of habitats; important initial colonizers

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6
Q

what are gametophytes

A

haploid generation, gamete-producing

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7
Q

what are sporophytes

A

diploid generation, spore-producing

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8
Q

what are the two stages of alternation of generation

A

gametophyte and sporophyte

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9
Q

how are bryophytes similar to vascular plants

A

presence of male and female gametangia with a protective layer; retention of zygote and embryo within archegonium; multicellular diploid sporophyte; multicellular sporangia; spores with walls containing sporopollenin; tissues produced by apical meristem

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10
Q

what is the strongest structure that is naturally made

A

sporopollenin

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11
Q

how are bryophytes different from vascular plants

A

no vascular tissues; conducting tissue cell walls not lignified; bryophytes have dominant gametophyte

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12
Q

what type of structure and reproductive parts do bryophytes have

A

no true stems, leaves, or roots; some have cuticle with structures analogous to stomata; usually attached to substrate by rhizoids

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13
Q

what is the function rhizoids

A

anchor plant; not used for water transport; often have fungal or cyanobacterial symbionts

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14
Q

how are cells connected in bryophytes

A

plasmodesmata

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15
Q

how do bryophytes reproduce

A

asexually by fragmentation and gammae

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16
Q

which cells are flagellated

A

sperm cells

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17
Q

what is the antheridium

A

male reproductive structure; usually stalked; sterile jacket layer surrounding spermatogenous cells; each spermatogenous cell forms one biflagellated sperm cell

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18
Q

what is the archegonium

A

female reproductive structure; flask-shaped; surround a single egg; release chemicals to attract sperm

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19
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

archegonium

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20
Q

what process does the zygote undergo

A

undergoes mitosis to generate embryo and eventually mature sporophyte

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21
Q

where is the plasmodesmata not located

A

no plasmodesmata between sporophyte and gametophyte

22
Q

why is there no plasmodesmata between the sporophyte and gametophyte

A

Placenta- several transfer cells

23
Q

what characteristics does a mature sporophyte have

A

foot in archegonium; seta (stalk); capsule (sporangium)

24
Q

what is an embryophyte

A

term for all plants; multicellular, matrotrophic embryo; produce many-celled diploid sporophyte

25
Q

what does sporopollenin do

A

most decay and chemical resistant biopolymer

26
Q

which organisms form Protonemata

A

Protonemata are formed in all mosses and some liverworts but not in hornworts.

27
Q

what are charophytes

A

class of green algae most closely related top plants

28
Q

what are the three phyla in bryophytes

A

Phylum Hepatophyta; Phylum Anthocerophyta; Phylum Bryophyta

29
Q

what phyla are liverworts in

A

hepatophyta

30
Q

what are some characteristics of liverworts

A

small; most gametophytes develop directly from spores; some have protonema first

31
Q

what are the two clades of liverworts

A

clades are either complex thalloid types or “leafy” simple types

32
Q

what type of liverwort is merchantia

A

complex thalloid

33
Q

what are some characteristics of merchantia

A

gametophytes unisexual; distinguished by gametophores; specialized spore dispersal mechanism; gemma cups (asexual reproduction) – produce gemmae

34
Q

where are leafy liverworts found

A

abundant in tropics & subtropics (high humidity or rainfall
grow on leaves, bark, other plant surfaces)

35
Q

what phyla are hornworts in

A

Anthocerophyta

36
Q

what are the characteristics of gametophytes in hornworms

A

somewhat similar to thallose liverworts; cells usually have one large chloroplast; usually 1-2 cm across; some unisexual

37
Q

what are the characteristics of sporophytes in hornworms

A

foot and capsule/sporangium; meristem between foot and sporangium (means that it can’t not branch); green with cuticle and stomata

38
Q

what are the three classes of bryophyta

A

Sphagnidae (peat mosses); Andreaeidae (granite mosses);

Bryideae (“true mosses”)

39
Q

what are some characteristics of peat moss

A

diverged early from main line of moss evolution; distributed worldwide; distinctive sporophytes; common asexual reproduction through fragmentation

40
Q

how are peat mosses different than other mosses

A

unusual protonema; morphology of gametophyte (“moplike” head, leaves one cell layer thick, dead leaf cells fill with water) explosive spore dispersal (operculum)

41
Q

what is the protonema

A

the first stage of development of the gametophyte

42
Q

what is the operculum

A

cap that bursts open and allows spores to escape

43
Q

what class does granite moss belong too

A

andreaeidae

44
Q

what are some characteristics of granite moss

A

small blackish-green or reddish-brown tufts; grow on rocks in mountainous or arctic regions; unique spore discharge mechanism

45
Q

what class does true moss belong to

A

Bryidae

46
Q

what are some characteristics of true moss

A

resemble filamentous green algae (protonema) but have slanted cross walls; multicellular rhizoids
leaves normally only one cell layer thick

47
Q

what are hydroids

A

water-conducting cells in stems of gametophytes and sporophytes; resemble tracheids but cell walls not lignified

48
Q

what are leptoids

A

food-conducting cells

49
Q

what is the sexual reproduction like in bryidae

A 
unbranched sporophyte (embedded in gametophyte, placenta; usually have stomata; as matures, turns brown)
specialized spore dispersal (operculum bursts off; peristome)
50
Q

The peristome is unique to which class

A

bryidae

Plant Science (20 decks)

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