Lecture 2 Flashcards
What phylum does angiosperm belong to
Anthophyta
What are flowering plants called
angiosperms
How many species belong to Anthophyta
300,000-450,000
What are the two major classes of Anthophyta
monocotyledons and eudicotyledons
How many species are in the monocotyledons
90,000 species
What are some examples of monocotyledons
grasses, lillies, irises, orchids, and palms
How many species are in the eudicotyledons
200,000 species
What are some examples of eudicotyledons
trees, shrubs, and some herbs
How many flowering parts does a monocot have and how many does a eudicot have
monocot: in threes
eudicot: in fours or fives
What type of pollen part does a monocot have and what type does a eudicot have
monocot: monoaperturate
eudicot: triaperturate
How many cotyledons does a monocot have and how many does a eudicot have
monocot: one
eudicot: two
What is the leaf venation like on a monocot and what is it like on a eudicot
monocot: parallel
eudicot: netlike
How are the primary vascular bundles in the stem arranged in a monocot and eudicot
monocot: complex arrangement
eudicot: in a ring
Is true secondary growth, with vascular cambium present in a monocot and eudicot
monocot: rare
eudicot: commonly present
What is a cotyledon
the first leaf to emerge
What are some other flowering plants aside from monocot and eudicots
parasitic plants and myco-heterotrophs
How many species of parasitic plants are there
3000 species
What is unique about myco-heterotrophs
they have obligate relationships with mycorrhizal fungi and lack chlorophyll
What are the specialized organs that parasitic plants have
haustoria, they penetrate tissues of their hosts
Which shoot has the sporophyll
the determinate shoot
what are sporophylls commonly called
leaves
How does the determinate stem differ from the other stems
it stops growing once it bears a flower
What classifies a plant as a peduncle
if it has one flower
What are the male parts on the flower
the stamen which includes the anther and the filament
What are the female parts on the flower
the carpel and that contains the ovary
What are inflorescences
aggregation of flowers
What is the peduncle
the main flower stalk
What is the pedicel
the stem that connects the flower and the main stem
What are the sterile appendages on a flower
perianth
What are the sepals called
calyx
What are the petals called
corolla
What are the fertile parts of the flower called
stamen and carpel
What are microsporangia
pollen sacs
Where is the microsporangia located
in the stamen
What does the megasporophyll contain
- ovary
- style
- stigma
Where is the megasporophyll located
in the carpel
What are whorls
the parts of the flowers
How many whorls can a flower have
up to 4 whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium
What is the other name for androecium
stamen
What is the other name for gynoecium
carpels
What does it mean if the flower is complete
it has all its whorls
What does it mean if the flower is incomplete
only has some of its whorls
What does it mean if the flower is perfect
contains both carpel and stamen
What does it mean if the flower is imperfect
contains only one part, either carpel or stamen
What is staminate
just the male parts
What is carpellate
just the female parts
What does monoecious mean
“one house” has both female and male flowers
What does dioecious mean
“two houses” has either the female or male flowers
What portion of the ovary does the ovules originate
the placenta
How is the ovary position determined
by the whorls around it
What are the three terms used to describe the ovaries position
- hypogynous
- perigynous
- epigynous
What does hypogynous mean
the ovary is superior to the other parts of the flower
What does perigynous mean
all the parts are formed at the same base
What does epigynous mean
the ovary is inferior to the other parts of the flower
What does regular (actinomorphic) flower symmetry mean
the flower symmetry is radial
What does irregular (zygomorphic) flower symmetry mean
the flower symmetry is bilateral
What is the general life cycle of a plant
- two generations (sporophyte- diploid) (gametophyte- haploid)
- two processes (meiosis and fertilization)
Which is the dominate generation in the plant life cycle
the sporophyte (the flower stage)
What is the angiosperm life cycle
- highly reduced gametophyte
- indirect pollination (pollen never comes into contact with ovule)
- after double fertilization (ovule develops into seed, ovary develops into fruit)
How many cells mature in a microgametophyte
3
How many cells mature in a megagametophyte
7
Indirect pollination is unique to what life cycle
angiosperm life cycle
What is microsporogenesis and where does it occur
it is the formation of microspores and it occurs in the pollen sacs
What is microgametogenesis
- development of microgametophyte within the pollen grain
- mircospore produces large tube cell and a small generative cell
- generative nucleus produces two sperm
- 3 cell stage
What two processes form the microgametophyte
- microsporogenesis
- microgametogenesis
What two processes form the megagametophyte
- megasporogenesis
- megagametogenesis
What is megasporogenesis and where is it located
- megaspore formed in nucellus from megasporocyte
- inside ovule
What is megagametogenesis
- megaspore develops into 7 celled megagametophyte
- 3 mitotic divisions (8 nuclei) (two polar nuclei in central cell, egg apparatus, three antipodals)
- other patterns in some plants
