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Plant Science > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

how does the apical meristem aid in stem growth

A

it adds cells to primary plant body, produces leaf primordia and bud primordial, protect young leaves, phytomeres

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2
Q

how does the vegetative shoot apex help stem growth

A

tunica-corpus organization

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3
Q

what is tunica organization

A

outermost layer of cells, divide anticlinally

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4
Q

what is corpus organization

A

body of cells beneath tunica, divide periclinally

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5
Q

how is the vegetative shoot apex different than the root

A

can’t be divided into zones like the root

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6
Q

what happens to prevent the vegetative shoot apex from differentiating into zones

A

leaf primordia originate too quickly to distinguish nodes and internodes; elongation occurs primarily when internodes elongate

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7
Q

what is the intercalary meristem

A

a meristematic region between 2 more highly differentiated regions

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8
Q

what must happen before an internode can elongate

A

leaves need to finish differentiating

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9
Q

what causes stem thickness

A

periclinal division, cell enlargement, (in monocots meristematic cap)

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10
Q

what are the three basic organizations in the primary structure of the stem

A

vascular system is more or less continuous cylinder within ground tissue, primary vascular tissues develop as bundles separated by ground tissue, and more complex

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11
Q

what type of plants have continuous organization vascular systems

A

some conifers, magnoliids, and eudicots

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12
Q

what types of plants have bundle organization in their vascular system

A

eudicots

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13
Q

what types of plants have complex organizations in their vascular system

A

herbaceous eudicots and monocots

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14
Q

what are some of the relationships between the vascular tissues of the stem and leaf

A

procambial system of leaf is continuous with stem, bundles diverge at each node, leaf traces, leaf trace gaps

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15
Q

what are leaf traces

A

extensions in stem towards leaves

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16
Q

what are leaf trace gaps

A

gaps of ground tissue in vascular cylinder above leaf traces

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17
Q

what does the pattern of the vascular system in a stem reflect

A

the arrangement of leaves

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18
Q

what are the five different phyllotaxy of leaves

A

helical, distichous, opposite, decussate, and whorled

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19
Q

what is the difference between pinnately and palmately compound leaves

A

pinnately- leaflets arise from either side of an axis in one plane; palmately- leaflets arise from the end of the petiole in one plane

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20
Q

what are the two ways to distinguish leaflets from leaves

A

buds are in axils of leaves not of leaflets, leaves extend in various planes

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21
Q

what are the three ways you can characterize plants by water availability

A

mesophytes, hydrophytes, and xerophytes

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22
Q

what are mesophytes

A

plants that are exposed to moderate amount of water

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23
Q

what are hydrophytes

A

plants that grow in water

24
Q

what are xerophytes

A

plants that have little to no water

25
Q

what are the characteristics of epidermis on a leaf

A

compactly arranged, covered with cuticle, stomata may occur on one or both sides

26
Q

what are the two arrangements the stomata may have on a leaf

A

scattered and rows

27
Q

what type of plants have scattered stomata on their leaves

A

eudicots

28
Q

what type of plants have stomata arranged in rows on their leaves

A

monocots

29
Q

what are some characteristics of the epidermis on xerophytes

A

may have more stomata, sunken stomata on lower surface of leaves, epidermal hairs

30
Q

what are some characteristics of the epidermis on mesophyll

A

ground tissue of leaf, large volume of intercellular spaces, numerous chloroplasts mesophytes

31
Q

what is the differences between C3 and C4

A

bundle-sheath cells/leaf anatomy, inter veinal distances

32
Q

what things are involved in leaf development

A

founder cells, leaf buttress, leaf primordium, intercalary growth, tips of leaf stop growing first, determinate growth

33
Q

what is leaf primordium

A

side closest to apical meristem is often flatter than the opposite side

34
Q

what is intercalary growth

A

different rates of cell division and enlargement, cell enlargement contributes most to expansion

35
Q

what are some characteristics of mangled and eudicot leaf development

A

procambium differentiates to become mid vein, major veins develop upward/outward, minor veins initiate at leaf tip

36
Q

which direction do minor veins grow

A

start growing at the edge and work their way backwards

37
Q

what are some characteristics of monocot leaf development

A

growth spreads laterally and encircles shoot apex, then growth proceeds linearly from basal meristem

38
Q

what are characteristics of sun leaves

A

smaller, thicker than shade leaves; more extensive vascular system; epidermal cell walls thicker; higher photosynthetic rates under high light

39
Q

what is leaf abscission

A

separation of leaf from stem

40
Q

what is the abscission zone

A

formed by structural and chemical changes near base of petiole (woody angiosperms)

41
Q

what are characteristics of leaf abscission

A

abscission zone, retranslocation, and leaf scar

42
Q

what is the sequence of development of the flower

A

flower parts develop in order of sepals, petals, stamens, and then carpels

43
Q

what is the sequence of physiological and structural changes of the development of the flower

A

vegetative shoot apex becomes reproductive apex; often preceded by elongation of internodes; development of lateral buds below shoot apex; apex increases mitotic activity (becomes dome shaped)

44
Q

what is homeotic mutation

A

mutations which result in the formation of the wrong floral organ in the wrong place

45
Q

what are tendrils

A

aid in support, most modified leaves, some modified stems

46
Q

what are cladophyll

A

modified stems that appear to be leaves, do not have buds in axils, (ex. asparagus and some cacti)

47
Q

what are spines

A

modified leaves

48
Q

what are thorns

A

modified branches in axils of leaves

49
Q

what are prickles

A

outgrowth from cortex and epidermis (ex. rose “thorn”)

50
Q

how are leaves modified on carnivorous plants

A

leaves modified to trap insects

51
Q

what are tubers

A

modified underground stem, food storage

52
Q

what is a bulb

A

large bud of a small stem with many modified leaves attached, food storage, adventitious roots from bottom of stem

53
Q

how are corm leaves modified

A

thickened, fleshy stem tissue; thinner, smaller leaves than bulbs

54
Q

how are petiole leaves modified

A

thick and fleshy (ex. celery)

55
Q

how are succulent plant leaves modified

A

storage of water in stems or leaves

Plant Science (20 decks)

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