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Plant Science > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which organisms are the most abundant worldwide, metabolically diverse, and have rapid rate of cell division

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

what type of climates can prokaryotes live in

A

some can live in extreme cold or heat, darkness, or anaerobic environments

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3
Q

what type of sexual preproduction do prokaryotes have

A

conjugation, transformation, and transduction

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4
Q

what are endospores

A

Dormant resting cells when food supply is low;

Resistant to heat, radiation, and chemical disinfectants

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5
Q

how are autotrophs metabolically diverse

A

photosynthetic or chemosynthetic (oxidize inorganic compounds instead of using light)

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6
Q

how are heterotrophs metabolically diverse

A

most are saprophytes

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7
Q

what are some characteristics of cyanobacteria

A

chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycobilins, live in a variety of environments, some fix nitrogen

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8
Q

how are purple and green bacteria’s photosynthesis different

A

use sulfur and other compounds instead of water; live in anaerobic conditions with large amounts of decaying matter

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9
Q

where do purple and green bacteria get their colors from

A

colors from photosynthetic pigments

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10
Q

what are the large three groups of Archaea

A

extreme halophiles, methanogens, extreme thermophiles

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11
Q

what are viruses

A

primarily a genome (DNA or RNA) that replicates within a host cell

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12
Q

how can plant viruses be spread

A

plant viruses are carried by insects

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13
Q

how do viruses move through plants

A

via plasmodesmata, and through phloem

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14
Q

what type of viruses are RNA viruses

A

plant viruses

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15
Q

what is already know about fungi

A

eukaryotic, heterotrphic, unicellular/multicellular, cell wall of chitin, no plastids or photosynthetic pigments

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16
Q

what is the ecological importance of fungi

A

decomposition

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17
Q

what are the medical uses of fungi

A

disease causing, medicines

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18
Q

what are the economic importances of fungi

A

agricultural pests, yeasts

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19
Q

what type of symbiotic relationships do fungi form

A

mycorrhizae, lichens, endophytes

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20
Q

what are fungi mostly composed of

A

hyphae

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21
Q

what are hyphae

A

fungal filaments

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22
Q

what are mycelium

A

mass of hyphae

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23
Q

what are the fungi’s hyphae divided by

A

septa

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24
Q

why do fungi have high surface area-to-volume ratio

A

they get their food from absorbing so that’s why they have a high surface area-to-volume ratio

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25
Q

what are the three types of heterotrophic absorbers

A

saprophytes, parasites, mutualistic symbionts

26
Q

what is produced by fungal fermenters

A

ethyl from glucose

27
Q

how do fungi reproduce asexually

A

spores

28
Q

how do fungi reproduce sexually

A

protoplasts fuse, nuclei fuse, then meiosis occurs

29
Q

what is the diploid phase in fungi

A

zygote

30
Q

what are the four phyla of the kingdom fungi

A

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

31
Q

which phyla of fungi have motile spores

A

Chytridiomycota

32
Q

which phyla of fungi don’t have sexual spores

A

Chytridiomycota

33
Q

which two phyla of fungi have the most species

A

Ascomycota and Basidomycota

34
Q

what are some characteristics of Chytridiomycota

A

previously considered protists; predominantly aquatic; varied in form, sexual interactions, life histories
characteristic motile cells (flagellated cells); can be parasites or pathogens of plants

35
Q

what are some characteristics of Zygomycota

A

most are saprophytes, some parasites or symbiotic; most coenocytic; asexual reproduction via haploid spores

36
Q

which phyla have zygospores

A

Zygomycota

37
Q

what are zygospores

A

sexually produced resting spores

38
Q

which phyla cause diseases in plants, can be insect parasites, and have endomycorrhizae

A

Zygomycota

39
Q

what are some characteristics of Ascomycota

A

filamentous (except for yeasts); perforated septa; asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction

40
Q

what is the sexual reproduction of Ascomycota

A

formation of ascus (resembles a sac) within which ascospores are formed from meiosis

41
Q

what are some characteristics of Basidomycota

A

may constitute 2/3 of biomass in soil; produce basidiospores in a basidium; “mushroom” is a basidioma

42
Q

what phyla contains all gill fungi

A

Basidomycota

43
Q

what are some gill fungi

A

common field mushrooms, button mushrooms, Amanita, and Psilocybe

44
Q

what phyla do rusts belong to

A

Basidomycota

45
Q

what are rusts

A

pathogens of plants, some require two hosts

46
Q

what phyla do smuts belong to

A

Basidomycota

47
Q

what are smuts

A

sooty appearance of masses of spores; attack approximately 4000 species of plants

48
Q

what are yeasts

A

a unicellular form; reproduce by budding; not a formal taxonomic group

49
Q

what are some characteristics of Conidial Fungi (anamorphs)/Deuteromycetes

A

Not actually a phyla; “Fungi Imperfecti”; only exist in asexual reproducing state; some are plant pathogens; some cause human disease (ring worm/athletes foot); many have medicinal and commercial importance

50
Q

what are some medicinal and commercial importance of Conidial Fungi (anamorphs)/Deuteromycetes

A

penicillium and aspergillus

51
Q

what are the Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi

A

parasitic; mutualistic; lichens; mycorrhizae; endophytes

52
Q

what are some characteristics of endophytes

A

live within healthy plant stem and leave tissues;
produce secondary metabolites that protect their hosts against pathogenic fungi and attack by insects;
one species that infects rye is the precursor to LSD that may have led to Salem witch trials

53
Q

what are characteristics of lichens

A

mycobiont, photobiont, some lichens are 4500 years old

54
Q

what are the forms of lichens

A

crustose, foliose, and fruticose

55
Q

what organism can dry out very easily and has great ecological importance

A

lichens

56
Q

how are lichens ecologically important

A

biogeochemical weathering of rock; contribute fixed nitrogen to soil (if it contains cyanobacteria)

57
Q

how are mycorrhizae important

A

increase host plants’ ability to capture water and elements; can protect against root pathogens

58
Q

what are the types of mycorrhizae

A

endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, Ericaceae, and Orchidaceae

59
Q

what are the four families of ectomycorrhizae

A

Fagaceae (Beech and Oak), Salicaceae (Willow), Betulaceae (Birch), Pinaceae (Pine)

60
Q

what is the percentage of endomycorrihizae

A

80% of vascular plants

61
Q

what are zygomycete

A

endomycorriziae

Plant Science (20 decks)

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