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Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

which organisms are the most abundant worldwide, metabolically diverse, and have rapid rate of cell division

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

what type of climates can prokaryotes live in

A

some can live in extreme cold or heat, darkness, or anaerobic environments

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3
Q

what type of sexual preproduction do prokaryotes have

A

conjugation, transformation, and transduction

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4
Q

what are endospores

A

Dormant resting cells when food supply is low;

Resistant to heat, radiation, and chemical disinfectants

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5
Q

how are autotrophs metabolically diverse

A

photosynthetic or chemosynthetic (oxidize inorganic compounds instead of using light)

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6
Q

how are heterotrophs metabolically diverse

A

most are saprophytes

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7
Q

what are some characteristics of cyanobacteria

A

chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycobilins, live in a variety of environments, some fix nitrogen

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8
Q

how are purple and green bacteria’s photosynthesis different

A

use sulfur and other compounds instead of water; live in anaerobic conditions with large amounts of decaying matter

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9
Q

where do purple and green bacteria get their colors from

A

colors from photosynthetic pigments

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10
Q

what are the large three groups of Archaea

A

extreme halophiles, methanogens, extreme thermophiles

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11
Q

what are viruses

A

primarily a genome (DNA or RNA) that replicates within a host cell

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12
Q

how can plant viruses be spread

A

plant viruses are carried by insects

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13
Q

how do viruses move through plants

A

via plasmodesmata, and through phloem

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14
Q

what type of viruses are RNA viruses

A

plant viruses

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15
Q

what is already know about fungi

A

eukaryotic, heterotrphic, unicellular/multicellular, cell wall of chitin, no plastids or photosynthetic pigments

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16
Q

what is the ecological importance of fungi

A

decomposition

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17
Q

what are the medical uses of fungi

A

disease causing, medicines

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18
Q

what are the economic importances of fungi

A

agricultural pests, yeasts

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19
Q

what type of symbiotic relationships do fungi form

A

mycorrhizae, lichens, endophytes

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20
Q

what are fungi mostly composed of

A

hyphae

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21
Q

what are hyphae

A

fungal filaments

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22
Q

what are mycelium

A

mass of hyphae

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23
Q

what are the fungi’s hyphae divided by

A

septa

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24
Q

why do fungi have high surface area-to-volume ratio

A

they get their food from absorbing so that’s why they have a high surface area-to-volume ratio

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25
what are the three types of heterotrophic absorbers
saprophytes, parasites, mutualistic symbionts
26
what is produced by fungal fermenters
ethyl from glucose
27
how do fungi reproduce asexually
spores
28
how do fungi reproduce sexually
protoplasts fuse, nuclei fuse, then meiosis occurs
29
what is the diploid phase in fungi
zygote
30
what are the four phyla of the kingdom fungi
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
31
which phyla of fungi have motile spores
Chytridiomycota
32
which phyla of fungi don't have sexual spores
Chytridiomycota
33
which two phyla of fungi have the most species
Ascomycota and Basidomycota
34
what are some characteristics of Chytridiomycota
previously considered protists; predominantly aquatic; varied in form, sexual interactions, life histories characteristic motile cells (flagellated cells); can be parasites or pathogens of plants
35
what are some characteristics of Zygomycota
most are saprophytes, some parasites or symbiotic; most coenocytic; asexual reproduction via haploid spores
36
which phyla have zygospores
Zygomycota
37
what are zygospores
sexually produced resting spores
38
which phyla cause diseases in plants, can be insect parasites, and have endomycorrhizae
Zygomycota
39
what are some characteristics of Ascomycota
filamentous (except for yeasts); perforated septa; asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction
40
what is the sexual reproduction of Ascomycota
formation of ascus (resembles a sac) within which ascospores are formed from meiosis
41
what are some characteristics of Basidomycota
may constitute 2/3 of biomass in soil; produce basidiospores in a basidium; “mushroom” is a basidioma
42
what phyla contains all gill fungi
Basidomycota
43
what are some gill fungi
common field mushrooms, button mushrooms, Amanita, and Psilocybe
44
what phyla do rusts belong to
Basidomycota
45
what are rusts
pathogens of plants, some require two hosts
46
what phyla do smuts belong to
Basidomycota
47
what are smuts
sooty appearance of masses of spores; attack approximately 4000 species of plants
48
what are yeasts
a unicellular form; reproduce by budding; not a formal taxonomic group
49
what are some characteristics of Conidial Fungi (anamorphs)/Deuteromycetes
Not actually a phyla; “Fungi Imperfecti”; only exist in asexual reproducing state; some are plant pathogens; some cause human disease (ring worm/athletes foot); many have medicinal and commercial importance
50
what are some medicinal and commercial importance of Conidial Fungi (anamorphs)/Deuteromycetes
penicillium and aspergillus
51
what are the Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
parasitic; mutualistic; lichens; mycorrhizae; endophytes
52
what are some characteristics of endophytes
live within healthy plant stem and leave tissues; produce secondary metabolites that protect their hosts against pathogenic fungi and attack by insects; one species that infects rye is the precursor to LSD that may have led to Salem witch trials
53
what are characteristics of lichens
mycobiont, photobiont, some lichens are 4500 years old
54
what are the forms of lichens
crustose, foliose, and fruticose
55
what organism can dry out very easily and has great ecological importance
lichens
56
how are lichens ecologically important
biogeochemical weathering of rock; contribute fixed nitrogen to soil (if it contains cyanobacteria)
57
how are mycorrhizae important
increase host plants’ ability to capture water and elements; can protect against root pathogens
58
what are the types of mycorrhizae
endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, Ericaceae, and Orchidaceae
59
what are the four families of ectomycorrhizae
Fagaceae (Beech and Oak), Salicaceae (Willow), Betulaceae (Birch), Pinaceae (Pine)
60
what is the percentage of endomycorrihizae
80% of vascular plants
61
what are zygomycete
endomycorriziae

Plant Science (20 decks)

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