Lecture 14 Flashcards
which organisms are the most abundant worldwide, metabolically diverse, and have rapid rate of cell division
prokaryotes
what type of climates can prokaryotes live in
some can live in extreme cold or heat, darkness, or anaerobic environments
what type of sexual preproduction do prokaryotes have
conjugation, transformation, and transduction
what are endospores
Dormant resting cells when food supply is low;
Resistant to heat, radiation, and chemical disinfectants
how are autotrophs metabolically diverse
photosynthetic or chemosynthetic (oxidize inorganic compounds instead of using light)
how are heterotrophs metabolically diverse
most are saprophytes
what are some characteristics of cyanobacteria
chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycobilins, live in a variety of environments, some fix nitrogen
how are purple and green bacteria’s photosynthesis different
use sulfur and other compounds instead of water; live in anaerobic conditions with large amounts of decaying matter
where do purple and green bacteria get their colors from
colors from photosynthetic pigments
what are the large three groups of Archaea
extreme halophiles, methanogens, extreme thermophiles
what are viruses
primarily a genome (DNA or RNA) that replicates within a host cell
how can plant viruses be spread
plant viruses are carried by insects
how do viruses move through plants
via plasmodesmata, and through phloem
what type of viruses are RNA viruses
plant viruses
what is already know about fungi
eukaryotic, heterotrphic, unicellular/multicellular, cell wall of chitin, no plastids or photosynthetic pigments
what is the ecological importance of fungi
decomposition
what are the medical uses of fungi
disease causing, medicines
what are the economic importances of fungi
agricultural pests, yeasts
what type of symbiotic relationships do fungi form
mycorrhizae, lichens, endophytes
what are fungi mostly composed of
hyphae
what are hyphae
fungal filaments
what are mycelium
mass of hyphae
what are the fungi’s hyphae divided by
septa
why do fungi have high surface area-to-volume ratio
they get their food from absorbing so that’s why they have a high surface area-to-volume ratio
what are the three types of heterotrophic absorbers
saprophytes, parasites, mutualistic symbionts
what is produced by fungal fermenters
ethyl from glucose
how do fungi reproduce asexually
spores
how do fungi reproduce sexually
protoplasts fuse, nuclei fuse, then meiosis occurs
what is the diploid phase in fungi
zygote
what are the four phyla of the kingdom fungi
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
which phyla of fungi have motile spores
Chytridiomycota
which phyla of fungi don’t have sexual spores
Chytridiomycota
which two phyla of fungi have the most species
Ascomycota and Basidomycota
what are some characteristics of Chytridiomycota
previously considered protists; predominantly aquatic; varied in form, sexual interactions, life histories
characteristic motile cells (flagellated cells); can be parasites or pathogens of plants
what are some characteristics of Zygomycota
most are saprophytes, some parasites or symbiotic; most coenocytic; asexual reproduction via haploid spores
which phyla have zygospores
Zygomycota
what are zygospores
sexually produced resting spores
which phyla cause diseases in plants, can be insect parasites, and have endomycorrhizae
Zygomycota
what are some characteristics of Ascomycota
filamentous (except for yeasts); perforated septa; asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction
what is the sexual reproduction of Ascomycota
formation of ascus (resembles a sac) within which ascospores are formed from meiosis
what are some characteristics of Basidomycota
may constitute 2/3 of biomass in soil; produce basidiospores in a basidium; “mushroom” is a basidioma
what phyla contains all gill fungi
Basidomycota
what are some gill fungi
common field mushrooms, button mushrooms, Amanita, and Psilocybe
what phyla do rusts belong to
Basidomycota
what are rusts
pathogens of plants, some require two hosts
what phyla do smuts belong to
Basidomycota
what are smuts
sooty appearance of masses of spores; attack approximately 4000 species of plants
what are yeasts
a unicellular form; reproduce by budding; not a formal taxonomic group
what are some characteristics of Conidial Fungi (anamorphs)/Deuteromycetes
Not actually a phyla; “Fungi Imperfecti”; only exist in asexual reproducing state; some are plant pathogens; some cause human disease (ring worm/athletes foot); many have medicinal and commercial importance
what are some medicinal and commercial importance of Conidial Fungi (anamorphs)/Deuteromycetes
penicillium and aspergillus
what are the Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
parasitic; mutualistic; lichens; mycorrhizae; endophytes
what are some characteristics of endophytes
live within healthy plant stem and leave tissues;
produce secondary metabolites that protect their hosts against pathogenic fungi and attack by insects;
one species that infects rye is the precursor to LSD that may have led to Salem witch trials
what are characteristics of lichens
mycobiont, photobiont, some lichens are 4500 years old
what are the forms of lichens
crustose, foliose, and fruticose
what organism can dry out very easily and has great ecological importance
lichens
how are lichens ecologically important
biogeochemical weathering of rock; contribute fixed nitrogen to soil (if it contains cyanobacteria)
how are mycorrhizae important
increase host plants’ ability to capture water and elements; can protect against root pathogens
what are the types of mycorrhizae
endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, Ericaceae, and Orchidaceae
what are the four families of ectomycorrhizae
Fagaceae (Beech and Oak), Salicaceae (Willow), Betulaceae (Birch), Pinaceae (Pine)
what is the percentage of endomycorrihizae
80% of vascular plants
what are zygomycete
endomycorriziae
