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Plant Science > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the definition of ecology

A

the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment

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2
Q

what are the trophic levels

A

primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers

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3
Q

what is the pyramid for trophic levels

A

energy, biomass, and numbers

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4
Q

what is the definition of energy in the trophic levels

A

approximately one-tenth of the energy incorporated in one trophic level is incorporated into the next (some lost as HEAT)

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5
Q

what is the definition of biomass in the trophic levels

A

the total organic matter

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6
Q

how is the energy flow complicated

A

many species fall into more than one trophic level; many are specialized and able to utilize only one or a few species as a source of food; others utilize many species, switching among them as they prey vary in abundance

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7
Q

what is competition

A

an interaction in which two or more organisms are utilizing a required resource available in limited supply; drives natural selection

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8
Q

how is competition important for growth rate

A

helps plants compete for light, water, and minerals

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9
Q

what is the principle of competitive exclusion

A

holds that one or the other species must eventually be eliminated when they have similar requirements

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10
Q

what does competition favor

A

specialization

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11
Q

what is competition affected by

A

herbivory and environmental stressors

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12
Q

what is the definition of mutualism

A

a biological interaction in which the growth, survival, and reproduction of both interacting species are enhanced

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13
Q

what is coevolution

A

species mutually evolving to exploit the benefits of cooperation

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14
Q

what are the type of plant defenses

A

against herbivory, against pathogens, incredibly complex

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15
Q

what type of plant defenses against herbivory do they have

A

produce toxic chemicals, spines and thorns, tough leathery leaves

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16
Q

what type of plant defenses against pathogens do they have

A

phytoalexins

17
Q

how are plant defenses incredibly complex

A

monarchs gain defense, sex attractants in insects

18
Q

what is succession

A

the change in a community over time, the predictable process of recovery after disturbance of an ecosystem, used in restoration ecology

19
Q

what are biomes

A

type of vegetation that is reasonably homogeneous over large terrestrial areas

20
Q

what are biomes determined by

A

climate: temp and precipitation ; importance of elevation and latitude

21
Q

what are characteristics of rainforests

A

constant temp, consistent rain, nutrients ample, high diversity, no fires but evolved to withstand winds

22
Q

what do plants compete for in rainforests

A

light

23
Q

what are characteristics of savannas and deciduous tropical forests

A

seasons that receive less rain, fires common

24
Q

what are characteristics of deserts

A

high temps, precipitation is low, perennial plants adapt by: storing water, going dormant, or gaining access to deeper water, some plants have annual growth patterns

25
Q

what is a transition zone

A

not enough rain to form a grassland but more than the desert

26
Q

what are characteristics of grasslands

A

not enough rainfall to support major tree growth, grasses regrow from basal meristems, fire important, can be overgrazed and covered to deserts

27
Q

what are characteristics of temperate deciduous forests

A

warm summers, cold winters, 75-250cm annual precipitation

28
Q

what are characteristics of temperate mixed and coniferous forests

A

colder winters and more reliable snow cover

29
Q

what are characteristics of alpine tundra

A

cold high elevations

30
Q

what are characteristics of mediterranean scrub

A

cool wet winters, hot dry summers, fire is a factor

31
Q

what are characteristics of taiga and boreal forest

A

mostly short and extremely cold days and very short growing season with long days, acidic low nutrient soils, low diversity, low precipitation but surplus of moisture because of low evapotranspiration, permafrost

32
Q

what are characteristics of the arctic tundra

A

1/5 of land surface, cold damp soils, low productivity, treeless biome, relatively small number of plant and animal species, alpine tundra

Plant Science (20 decks)

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