Lecture 13

Question 1

what is evolution

Answer 1

descent with modification

Question 2

what is the process of evolution

Answer 2

variation, natural selection, adaptation

Question 3

what are the species concepts

Answer 3

biological, morphological, phylogenetic

Question 4

what is the biological species concept

Answer 4

a species is a group of natural populations whose members can interbreed with one another but cannot interbreed with members of other such groups

Question 5

what is the morphological species concept

Answer 5

based on morphological distinctiveness

Question 6

what is the phylogenetic species concept

Answer 6

based on historical relationships or ancestry (uses genetics)

Question 7

what are the two types of speciation in plants

Answer 7

allopatric and sympatric

Question 8

what is allopolyploid

Answer 8

occurs from sterile hybrid becoming a polyploid

Question 9

what is the role of asexual reproduction

Answer 9

allows for hybrids and polyploids to persist as separate species even if meiosis (sexual reproduction) is not possible

Question 10

what is taxonomy

Answer 10

the identifying, naming and classifying of species

Question 11

what is the name of the hierarchical classification

Answer 11

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

Question 12

what do all plant families end in

Answer 12

-aceae

Question 13

what do all plant orders end in

Answer 13

-ales

Question 14

what are the methods of classification

Answer 14

outward similarities and phylogenetic analysis

Question 15

what are the three domains of life

Answer 15

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 16

what domains have a prokaryotic cell type

Answer 16

bacteria and archaea

Question 17

what domains have a eukaryotic cell type

Answer 17

eukarya

Question 18

what domains have a chlorophyll-based photosynthesis

Answer 18

bacteria and eukarya

Question 19

what is the origin of eukaryotes

Answer 19

endosymbiosis

Question 20

what is the evidence for endosymbiosis

Answer 20

mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar size to bacteria, divide by a process similar to binary fission, circular DNA, contain codes for ribosomes, 2 or more membranes, chloroplasts resemble cyanobacteria

Question 21

how many modern endosymbionts are there

Answer 21

more than 150 living genera across 11 phyla

Question 22

what species are included in the modern endosymbionts

Answer 22

Includes species that contain eukaryotic algae or cyanobacteria as residents in the cytoplasm of their cells

Question 23

what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya

Answer 23

fungi, protista, plantae, animalia

Question 24

which kingdom is paraphyletic

Answer 24

protista

Question 25

which kingdoms are monophyletic

Answer 25

fungi, plantae, animalia

Question 26

what are some characteristics of the kingdom fungi

Answer 26

unicellular and filamentous multicellular, lack plastids and photosynthetic pigments, absorb nutrients from living or dead organisms, usually asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 27

what are fungi's relationship to plants

Answer 27

pathogens, mycorrhizae, and lichens

Question 28

what are some characteristics of the kingdom animalia

Answer 28

multicellular, lack: cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments, most use ingestion to obtain energy, sexual reproduction, relationship with plants: consume, pollinate, and seed dispersal

Question 29

what are some characteristics of the kingdom protista

Answer 29

unicellular, colonial, simple multicellular, protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds, autotrophs, heterotrophs, myxotrophs, reproduction by cell division and sex

Question 30

what are some characteristics of the kingdom plantae

Answer 30

multicellular, ancestors: specialized green algae, contain vacuoles, cell walls of cellulose, photosynthesis

Question 31

what are the types of meiosis

Answer 31

zygotic, gametic, sporic

Question 32

what are the alternations of generations

Answer 32

gametophyte, sporophyte, isomorphic vs. heteromorphic