Lecture 13 Flashcards
what is evolution
descent with modification
what is the process of evolution
variation, natural selection, adaptation
what are the species concepts
biological, morphological, phylogenetic
what is the biological species concept
a species is a group of natural populations whose members can interbreed with one another but cannot interbreed with members of other such groups
what is the morphological species concept
based on morphological distinctiveness
what is the phylogenetic species concept
based on historical relationships or ancestry (uses genetics)
what are the two types of speciation in plants
allopatric and sympatric
what is allopolyploid
occurs from sterile hybrid becoming a polyploid
what is the role of asexual reproduction
allows for hybrids and polyploids to persist as separate species even if meiosis (sexual reproduction) is not possible
what is taxonomy
the identifying, naming and classifying of species
what is the name of the hierarchical classification
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
what do all plant families end in
-aceae
what do all plant orders end in
-ales
what are the methods of classification
outward similarities and phylogenetic analysis
what are the three domains of life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
what domains have a prokaryotic cell type
bacteria and archaea
what domains have a eukaryotic cell type
eukarya
what domains have a chlorophyll-based photosynthesis
bacteria and eukarya
what is the origin of eukaryotes
endosymbiosis
what is the evidence for endosymbiosis
mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar size to bacteria, divide by a process similar to binary fission, circular DNA, contain codes for ribosomes, 2 or more membranes, chloroplasts resemble cyanobacteria
how many modern endosymbionts are there
more than 150 living genera across 11 phyla
what species are included in the modern endosymbionts
Includes species that contain eukaryotic algae or cyanobacteria as residents in the cytoplasm of their cells
what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya
fungi, protista, plantae, animalia
which kingdom is paraphyletic
protista
which kingdoms are monophyletic
fungi, plantae, animalia
what are some characteristics of the kingdom fungi
unicellular and filamentous multicellular, lack plastids and photosynthetic pigments, absorb nutrients from living or dead organisms, usually asexual and sexual reproduction
what are fungi’s relationship to plants
pathogens, mycorrhizae, and lichens
what are some characteristics of the kingdom animalia
multicellular, lack: cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments, most use ingestion to obtain energy, sexual reproduction, relationship with plants: consume, pollinate, and seed dispersal
what are some characteristics of the kingdom protista
unicellular, colonial, simple multicellular, protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds, autotrophs, heterotrophs, myxotrophs, reproduction by cell division and sex
what are some characteristics of the kingdom plantae
multicellular, ancestors: specialized green algae, contain vacuoles, cell walls of cellulose, photosynthesis
what are the types of meiosis
zygotic, gametic, sporic
what are the alternations of generations
gametophyte, sporophyte, isomorphic vs. heteromorphic
