Lecture 8

Question 1

what does the lateral meristem compose of

Answer 1

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 2

what does the cork cambium make which eventually replaces what

Answer 2

periderm and epidermis

Question 3

what does the vascular cambium produce

Answer 3

secondary vascular tissue growth

Question 4

what are the two types of perennials

Answer 4

herbaceous and woody

Question 5

what are the two types of woody perennials

Answer 5

deciduous and evergreen

Question 6

which perennials have secondary growth

Answer 6

woody; herbaceous does not have secondary growth

Question 7

which type of woody perennial drops their leaves

Answer 7

deciduous

Question 8

what are the two types of initials

Answer 8

fusiform and ray

Question 9

where are initials found

Answer 9

in the vascular cambium

Question 10

how are fusiform initials oriented

Answer 10

vertically oriented and very long

Question 11

how are ray initials oriented

Answer 11

horizontally oriented and squarish

Question 12

where do secondary xylem and phloem arise

Answer 12

from fusiform initials

Question 13

where do vascular rays arise from

Answer 13

ray initials

Question 14

what do vascular rays consist of

Answer 14

primarily parenchyma cells

Question 15

how does temperate and tropical weather affect the vascular cambium

Answer 15

Temperate regions have winter where growth goes dormant; Tropics – plants MAY exhibit continual cambial activity

Question 16

where are the fascicular and interfascicular cambium located

Answer 16

in the vascular cambium

Question 17

what is the difference between fascicular and interfascicular cambiums

Answer 17

fascicular cambium comes from the pro cambium inside the vascular bundles; interfascicular cambium comes from the parenchyma cells between the vascular bundles

Question 18

what does the fascicular and interfascicular cambium make when they eventually join

Answer 18

secondary tissue

Question 19

where does the first cork cambium derive from

Answer 19

cortex

Question 20

what is in the periderm

Answer 20

cork cambium, cork, phelloderm

Question 21

what is cork

Answer 21

inner wall surfaces lined by layers of suberin and wax (may become lignified)

Question 22

what are phelloderm

Answer 22

living parenchyma cells

Question 23

how is secondary growth of the stem different than secondary growth of the root

Answer 23

Cork cambium arises from cortical cells as apposed to the pericycle; The cortex does not become sloughed off in 1st year like in roots; Has a pith unlike roots

Question 24

what are lentils

Answer 24

allow for gas exchange through the periderm

Question 25

what is bark

Answer 25

Includes all tissue outside of vascular cambium(phloem, cortex, & periderm); 2 layers: inner (living) and outer (dead)

Question 26

what type of wood is conifer wood

Answer 26

softwood

Question 27

what does conifer wood consist of

Answer 27

no vessels and resin ducts

Question 28

what are resin ducts

Answer 28

Ducts lined with parenchyma cells that secrete resin; Possibly a mechanism of healing

Question 29

what are rays made up of

Answer 29

tracheids and parenchyma cells

Question 30

almost all wood in softwood is made up of what

Answer 30

tracheids

Question 31

how do early wood cells differ from late wood cells

Answer 31

early wood cells are wider and have thinner walls, late wood cells are smaller and have thicker walls

Question 32

when is early wood produced and when is late wood produced

Answer 32

early wood is produced in the spring when there is lots of water available, late wood is produced later in the season when there is less water available

Question 33

what type of wood is angiosperm wood

Answer 33

hardwood

Question 34

what does hardwood have that softwood does not

Answer 34

vessels

Question 35

what makes up a large percentage of wood in angiosperms

Answer 35

rays

Question 36

how are growth rings different in early and late wood

Answer 36

early wood is less dense, late wood is dense

Question 37

what produces a false annual growth ring

Answer 37

Abrupt changes in available water and other environmental factors may be responsible for the production of more than one growth ring in a given year

Question 38

what is sapwood

Answer 38

part of living tree that contains living cells and reserve materials

Question 39

what is heartwood

Answer 39

the non-conducting often darker wood in a living tree

Question 40

what is reaction wood

Answer 40

a developmental response by a leaning branch to counteract the force of gravity

Question 41

what gives wood strength

Answer 41

density (mainly due to the structure of the fibers)