Lecture 10 Flashcards
how are polymers synthesized
dehydration
how are polymers broken down
hydration
what is a catabolic pathway
energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds; overall ΔG is negative
what is an anabolic pathway
energy is used to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; overall ΔG is positive
what is kinetic energy
the energy of an object in motion
what is potential energy
stored energy
what is thermal energy
kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
what is chemical energy
is potential energy availablefor release in a chemical reaction
what are the four forms of energy
light, electricity, motion, heat
what is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed
what is the second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the disorder (entropy) of the universe
what causes a reaction to be spontaneous
the products are less ordered than the reactants; the products have less energy than the reactants
what does it mean for a reaction to be spontaneous
a process that can occur without an input of energy; must increase the entropy of the universe
how can a non-sponatanous reaction occur
can only occur if energy is added to the system
what does it mean when an reaction is exothermic
reactions release energy; the products have less potential energy than the reactants; spontaneous; more stable