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Theriogenology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of abortion

A

Expulsion of a non viable fetus and its membranes between 50 and 300 days of gestation

*before this is early embryonic death and after this is still birth

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2
Q

What are the main causes of equine abortions?

A

Twin pregnancies
Umbilical cord torsion
Viral, bacterial, or fungal infections
Digestion of large amount of eastern tent caterpillars

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3
Q

What causes umbilical cord torsion?

A

Excessively long umbilical that twists and restricts blood flow

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4
Q

What are two viral agents that cause abortions?

A

Equine rhinopneumonitis (herpes 1)

Equine viral arteritis

  • both of theses are reportable diseases
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5
Q

What does EHV-1 cause?

A

Resp disease, neurological disease, abortion

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6
Q

How is EHV 1 transmitted?

A

Respiratory, contact with infected tissue, placenta, fetuses, or fluids

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7
Q

What is special about EHV 1

A

The virus stays viable for several weeks in the environment

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8
Q

What does EHV1 cause?

A

Late abortions

“Abortion storms” in unvaccinated horses

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9
Q

How to diagnose EHV1?

A

Necropsy- foci of liver and edematous lungs
Histopathology- eosinophilic inclusion bodies
Virus isolation
PCR

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10
Q

How to treat or prevent EHV1?

A

No treatment

Prevent by vaccinating mares during months 5,7, and 9 months of pregnancy

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11
Q

What is equine viral arteritis?

A

Is carried by stallions and causes abortions in mares

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12
Q

How is EAV transmitted

A

Respiratory or venereal

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13
Q

What is special about EAV?

A

Can survive in frozen semen

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14
Q

What are clinical signs of EAV?

A

Fever, lacrimation ,nasal discharge, and edema of legs, ventral abdomen, and/or scrotum

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15
Q

what are the repro consequences of infection with EAV?

A

The mare that is infected by the carrier stallion will not loose that pregnancy…but she will transmit the virus to mares in late gestation who will abort

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16
Q

Fetuses aborted from EAV are usually what?

A

Partially autolyzed

May also develop pneumonia in utero

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17
Q

How to diagnose EAV?

A

Send blood and semen to approved lab

18
Q

How to prevent EAV?

A

Test all breeding stallions once a year

Vaccinate- difficult because horse must be isolated for 21 days and has to be approved by the state veterinarian

19
Q

What are bacterial causes of abortions

A 
Bacterial placentitis (ascending, hematogenous, nocardioform)
Lepto
Abortions caused by endotoxemia
20
Q

What is the most common cause of equine abortion in the US

A

Bacterial placentitis

21
Q

What agents cause ascending placentitis

A

S. Zooepidemicus
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumonia
Pseudomonas

22
Q

What causes nocardioform placentitis

A

Nocardioform actinomycetes

23
Q

What causes hematogenous placentitis

A

Leptospira

24
Q

What are clinical signs of bacterial placentits?

A

Vaginal discharge
Premature mammary gland development
Abortion without warning signs
Increased CTUP and placental separation on ultrasound

25
Q

How to diagnose nocardioform placentits

A

Ultrasound- transabdominal
Pus on US
Unlike ascending placentitis, cervix will be fine

26
Q

What will you see grossly on the placenta with cases of bacterial placentitis

A

Avillous areas

27
Q

How to treat bacterial placentitis

A

Systemic antibiotics (TMS, penicillin, gentamicin)
Altrenogest (regumate)
NSAIDs
Pentoxifylline

28
Q

What are infertility problems in mare?

A 
Ovarian tumors
Anovulatory follicles
Developmental abnormalities
Abnormalities of external genitalia
Uterine abnormalities/infections
29
Q

What are ovarian tumor types?

A

Granulosa theca cell tumor
Cystadenoma
Dysgerminoma
Teratoma

30
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor

A

Granulosa theca cell tumor

31
Q

What is granulosa theca cell tumor?

A

Hormonally active, benign
Unilateral enlargement of one ovary
The opposite ovary will be small and inactive

32
Q

What are clinical signs of GTCT

A

Behavioral changes- stallion like responses, aggression, anestrus, persisten estrus

33
Q

How do diagnose GTCT

A

Transrectal palpation- enlarged ovary, lack of ovulation fossa

US- multi cystic, solid (rare)

Elevated inhibin, testosterone, and AMH
Normal progesterone

34
Q

How to treat GCTC

A

Surgery- remove entire affected ovary and mare returns to cycling

35
Q

What is contagious equine metritis

A

Highly contagious venereal reportable disease

36
Q

What causes CEM

A

Taylorella equigenitalis- gram negative coccobacillus

37
Q

How is CEM transmitted

A

Venereal route
Contact with contaminated objects
Semen collection

38
Q

CEM clinical signs in mare

A

Intense neutrophilic endometritis/metritis

Short term infertility

Rare abortions

Gray/white discharge

39
Q

CEM clinical signs in stallions

A

No clinical signs
Local infection on penis
Develop carrier state

40
Q

How to diagnose CEM in mare

A

Swabs from clitoral fossa, clitoral sinus, and endometrium

**must culture these three times on three separate days over one week

41
Q

How to diagnose CEM in stallion

A

Swab fossa glandis, urethral sinus, urethra, prepuce, penile body

Cultures may be falsely negative
Breed to two test mares

42
Q

How to treat CEM

A

Report to state vet
Quarantine for 21 days
Clean and pack

Theriogenology (19 decks)

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